Editing Smartphone (section)

==History==
{{Split section|History of smartphones|discuss=Talk:Smartphone#split_off_history_section_into_History_of_smartphones|date=December 2024}}
{{See also|Mobile operating system#Timeline}}
Early smartphones were marketed primarily towards the enterprise market, attempting to bridge the functionality of standalone PDA devices with support for cellular [[telephony]], but were limited by their bulky form, [[History of the battery|short battery life]], slow analog cellular networks, and the immaturity of wireless data services. These issues were eventually resolved with the [[MOSFET scaling|exponential scaling]] and [[miniaturization]] of [[MOS transistor]]s down to [[List of semiconductor scale examples|sub-micron levels]] ([[Moore's law]]), the improved [[lithium-ion battery]], faster [[digital electronics|digital]] [[Mobile broadband|mobile data networks]] ([[Edholm's law]]), and more mature [[Mobile operating system|software]] [[Computing platform|platforms]] that allowed mobile device [[Digital ecosystem|ecosystems]] to develop independently of [[Mobile network operator|data providers]].

In the 2000s, [[NTT DoCoMo]]'s [[i-mode]] platform, [[BlackBerry]], [[Nokia]]'s [[Symbian]] platform, and [[Windows Mobile]] began to gain market traction, with models often featuring [[QWERTY]] keyboards or [[resistive touchscreen]] input and emphasizing access to [[push email]] and [[wireless internet]].

===Forerunner===
{{Main|IBM Simon}}
[[File:IBM Simon Personal Communicator.png|thumb|upright=0.7|[[IBM Simon]] and charging base (1994)<ref>{{cite web|title=From Backpack Transceiver to Smartphone: A Visual History of the Mobile Phone|first=Justin|last=Meyers|date=May 5, 2011|url=https://smartphones.gadgethacks.com/news/from-backpack-transceiver-smartphone-visual-history-mobile-phone-0127134/|website=Gadget Hacks|access-date=June 28, 2022}}</ref>]]

In the early 1990s, [[IBM]] engineer [[Frank J. Canova|Frank Canova]] considered that chip-and-wireless technology was becoming small enough to use in [[handheld devices]].<ref name="bloomberg">{{cite news |last1=Sager |first1=Ira |title=Before IPhone and Android Came Simon, the First Smartphone |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-06-29/before-iphone-and-android-came-simon-the-first-smartphone |access-date=18 August 2019 |work=[[Bloomberg.com]] |agency=[[Bloomberg News]] |date=29 June 2012}}</ref> The first commercially available device that could be properly referred to as a "smartphone" began as a prototype called "Angler" developed by Canova in 1992 while at IBM and demonstrated in November of that year at the [[COMDEX]] computer industry trade show.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-06-29/before-iphone-and-android-came-simon-the-first-smartphone |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120701034025/http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-06-29/before-iphone-and-android-came-simon-the-first-smartphone |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 1, 2012 |title=Before IPhone and Android Came Simon, the First Smartphones |last=Sager |first=Ira |date=June 29, 2012 |publisher=Bloomberg L.P |work=Bloomberg Businessweek |access-date=June 30, 2012 |quote=Simon was the first smartphone. Twenty years ago, it envisioned our app-happy mobile lives, squeezing the features of a cell phone, pager, fax machine, and computer into an 18-ounce black brick.}}</ref><ref name=schneidawind>{{cite news |last=Schneidawind |first=John |title=Poindexter putting finger on PC bugs; Big Blue unveiling |date=November 23, 1992 |newspaper=USA Today |page=2B}}</ref><ref name="BBC News">{{cite news |last1=Connelly |first1=Charlotte |title=World's first 'smartphone' celebrates 20 years|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-28802053|website=BBC News|date=August 15, 2014 |access-date=August 16, 2014}}</ref> A refined version was marketed to consumers in 1994 by [[BellSouth]] under the name [[IBM Simon|Simon Personal Communicator]]. In addition to placing and receiving [[cellular frequencies|cellular]] [[telephone call|call]]s, the touchscreen-equipped Simon could send and receive [[fax]]es and [[email]]s. It included an address book, calendar, appointment scheduler, calculator, world time clock, and notepad, as well as other visionary mobile applications such as maps, stock reports and news.<ref>[http://www.spinfold.com/first-touchscreen-phone/ History of first touchscreen smartphone] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501230834/http://www.spinfold.com/first-touchscreen-phone/ |date=May 1, 2016 }} Spinfold.com</ref>

The [[IBM Simon]] was manufactured by [[Mitsubishi Electric]], which integrated features with its own [[cellular radio]] technologies.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jin |first1=Dal Yong |title=Smartland Korea: Mobile Communication, Culture, and Society |date=2017 |publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]] |isbn=9780472053377 |pages=34–35 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SjKNDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA34}}</ref> It featured a [[liquid-crystal display]] (LCD) and [[PC Card]] support.<ref>{{cite web |last=Nochkin |first=Alexandr |date=July 10, 2013 |url=https://habrahabr.ru/company/ibm/blog/184490/ |title=IBM Simon. The first smartphone in the World. What's inside. |access-date=June 5, 2017 |publisher=Habrahabr.ru |work=IBM blog |language=ru}}</ref> The Simon was commercially unsuccessful, particularly due to its bulky form factor and limited [[battery life]],<ref>{{cite magazine |title=First Smartphone Turns 20: Fun Facts About Simon |url=https://time.com/3137005/first-smartphone-ibm-simon/ |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |access-date=18 August 2019 |date=18 August 2014}}</ref> using [[NiCad]] batteries rather than the [[Nickel–metal hydride battery|nickel–metal hydride batteries]] commonly used in mobile phones in the 1990s, or [[lithium-ion battery|lithium-ion batteries]] used in modern smartphones.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mostefaoui |first1=Ghita K. |last2=Tariq |first2=Faisal |title=Mobile Apps Engineering: Design, Development, Security, and Testing |date=2018 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=9781351681438 |page=16 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r4V7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT16}}</ref>

The term "smart phone" (in ''two'' words) was not coined until a year after the introduction of the Simon, appearing in print as early as 1995, describing AT&T's PhoneWriter Communicator.<ref name="ACM Interactions article">{{cite journal |url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=208157 |title=Designing a GUI for Business Telephone users|last=Savage |first=Pamela |journal=Interactions|date=January 1995 |volume=2|pages=32–41|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery |doi=10.1145/208143.208157|s2cid=19863684|access-date=September 13, 2014 |quote=...It is at this point that early usability test participants met impasse.  The switch connected to our "smart phone" is expecting the typical "dumb end-point"...  AT&T's PhoneWriter was demonstrated at the 1993 Comdex Computer Show... |issn=1072-5520 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>{{primary inline|date=September 2016}}

The term "smartphone" (as ''one'' word) was first used by [[Ericsson]] in 1997 to describe a new device concept, the [[Ericsson GS88|GS88]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Andersen|first1=Kim Normann|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xd6HDE5wUIoC&pg=PA278|title=Electronic Government and the Information Systems Perspective: Second International Conference, EGOVIS 2011, Toulouse, France, August 29 -- September 2, 2011, Proceedings|last2=Francesconi|first2=Enrico|last3=Grönlund|first3=Ake|last4=Engers|first4=Tom M. van|date=2011-08-19|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-642-22960-2 }}</ref>

===PDA/phone hybrids===
{{main|Personal digital assistant}}

Beginning in the mid-to-late 1990s, many people who had mobile phones carried a separate dedicated PDA device, running early versions of operating systems such as [[Palm OS]], [[Newton OS]], [[Symbian]] or [[Windows CE]]/[[Pocket PC]]. These operating systems would later evolve into early [[mobile operating system]]s. Most of the "smartphones" in this era were hybrid devices that combined these existing familiar PDA OSes with basic phone hardware. The results were devices that were bulkier than either dedicated mobile phones or PDAs, but allowed a limited amount of cellular Internet access. PDA and mobile phone manufacturers competed in reducing the size of devices. The bulk of these smartphones combined with their high cost and expensive data plans, plus other drawbacks such as expansion limitations and decreased battery life compared to separate standalone devices, generally limited their popularity to "[[early adopter]]s" and business users who needed portable connectivity.

In March 1996, [[Hewlett-Packard]] released the [[OmniGo 700LX]], a modified [[HP 200LX]] [[palmtop]] PC with a [[Nokia 2110]] mobile phone [[Piggy-back (transportation)|piggybacked]] onto it and [[Read-only memory|ROM]]-based software to support it. It had a 640 × 200 resolution CGA compatible four-shade gray-scale LCD screen and could be used to place and receive calls, and to create and receive text messages, emails and faxes. It was also 100% [[DOS]] 5.0 compatible, allowing it to run thousands of existing software titles, including early versions of [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]].

[[File:Nokia-9110-2.jpg|thumb|The Nokia 9110 Communicator, opened for access to keyboard]]

In August 1996, [[Nokia]] released the [[Nokia 9000 Communicator]], a digital cellular PDA based on the [[Nokia 2110]] with an integrated system based on the [[PEN/GEOS 3.0]] operating system from [[Geoworks]]. The two components were attached by a hinge in what became known as a [[clamshell design]], with the display above and a physical [[QWERTY keyboard]] below. The PDA provided [[Email|e-mail]]; calendar, address book, [[calculator]] and notebook applications; text-based Web browsing; and could send and receive faxes. When closed, the device could be used as a digital cellular telephone.

In June 1999, [[Qualcomm]] released the "pdQ Smartphone", a [[code-division multiple access|CDMA]] digital [[Personal Communications Service|PCS]] smartphone with an integrated [[Palm OS|Palm]] PDA and Internet connectivity.<ref>{{cite press release | url=http://www.qualcomm.com/media/releases/1999/06/15/qualcomm-s-pdq-smartphone-provides-ideal-platform-wireless-business | title=Qualcomm's pdQ Smartphone | publisher=Qualcomm}}</ref>

Subsequent landmark devices included:

* The [[Ericsson R380]] (December 2000)<ref>{{cite web |author=<!--Not stated--> |title=Ericsson R380 / R380s {{!}} Device Specs |url=http://phonedb.net/index.php?m=device&id=1062&c=ericsson_r380__r380s |website=PhoneDB |date=January 25, 2008 |access-date=September 29, 2019}}</ref> by [[Ericsson Mobile Communications]],<ref name="geek-com-r380-review">{{cite web | url=http://www.geek.com/hwswrev/pda/ericr380/ | title=PDA Review: Ericsson R380 Smartphone | publisher=Geek.com | access-date=April 27, 2011 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712081211/http://www.geek.com/hwswrev/pda/ericr380/ | archive-date=July 12, 2011}}</ref> the first phone running the operating system later named [[Symbian OS|Symbian]] (it ran [[EPOC (operating system)|EPOC]] Release 5, which was renamed Symbian OS at Release 6). It had PDA functionality and limited Web browsing on a [[resistive touchscreen]] utilizing a [[Stylus (computing)|stylus]].<ref name="ericsson-r380-review">{{cite news | url=http://uk.pcmag.com/ericsson-r380-world/31723/review/ericsson-r380-world | title=Ericsson R380 World Review & Rating | work=PC Magazine | date=April 24, 2001 | first=Bruce | last=Brown}}</ref> While it was marketed as a "smartphone",<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mobilemag.com/2001/09/25/ericsson-introduces-the-new-r380e | title=Ericsson Introduces The New R380e | work=Mobile Magazine | access-date=April 27, 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325060908/http://www.mobilemag.com/2001/09/25/ericsson-introduces-the-new-r380e/ | archive-date=March 25, 2012 | url-status=dead}}</ref> users could not install their own software on the device.
* The [[Kyocera 6035]] (February 2001),<ref>{{cite web |author=<!--Not stated--> |title=Kyocera QCP 6035 {{!}} Device Specs |url=http://phonedb.net/index.php?m=device&id=1163&c=kyocera_qcp_6035 |website=PhoneDB |date=February 29, 2008 |access-date=September 29, 2019}}</ref> a dual-nature device with a separate [[Palm OS]] PDA operating system and CDMA mobile phone firmware. It supported limited Web browsing with the PDA software treating the phone hardware as an attached modem.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.palminfocenter.com/view_story.asp?ID=1707 |title=Kyocera QCP 6035 Smartphone Review |website=Palm Infocenter |date=March 16, 2001 |access-date=September 7, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Segan |first=Sascha |url=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2361664,00.asp |title=Kyocera Launches First Smartphone In Years &#124; News & Opinion |publisher=PCmag.com |date=March 23, 2010 |access-date=September 7, 2011}}</ref> 
* The [[Nokia 9210 Communicator]] (June 2001),<ref>{{cite web |author=<!--Not stated--> |title=Nokia 9210 Communicator Device Specs |url=http://phonedb.net/index.php?m=device&id=886&c=nokia_9210_communicator |website=PhoneDB |date=16 Oct 2007 |access-date=28 Sep 2019}}</ref> the first phone running Symbian (Release 6) with [[Nokia]]'s [[Series 80 (software platform)|Series 80]] platform (v1.0). This was the first Symbian phone platform allowing the installation of additional applications. Like the Nokia 9000 Communicator, it is a large clamshell device with a full physical [[QWERTY keyboard]] inside.
* [[Handspring (company)|Handspring]]'s [[Treo 180]] (2002), the first smartphone that fully integrated the [[Palm OS]] on a GSM mobile phone having telephony, SMS messaging and Internet access built into the OS. The 180 model had a thumb-type keyboard and the [[Treo 180g|180g]] version had a [[Graffiti (Palm OS)|Graffiti]] handwriting recognition area, instead.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mobiletechreview.com/handspring_treo.htm |title=Handspring Treo Communicator 180 |publisher=mobiletechreview.com |access-date=2016-02-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617023521/http://www.mobiletechreview.com/handspring_treo.htm |archive-date=June 17, 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Japanese cell phones===
{{main|Japanese mobile phone culture|Mobile phone industry in Japan}}

In 1999, Japanese wireless provider [[NTT DoCoMo]] launched [[i-mode]], a new [[mobile internet]] platform which provided data transmission speeds up to 9.6 kilobits per second, and access web services available through the platform such as online shopping. NTT DoCoMo's i-mode used [[cHTML]], a language which restricted some aspects of traditional [[HTML]] in favor of increasing data speed for the devices. Limited functionality, small screens and limited bandwidth allowed for phones to use the slower data speeds available. The rise of i-mode helped NTT DoCoMo accumulate an estimated 40 million subscribers by the end of 2001, and ranked first in market capitalization in Japan and second globally.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Rose|first=Frank|title=Pocket Monster: How DoCoMo's wireless Internet service went from fad to phenom - and turned Japan into the first post-PC nation|magazine=Wired|date=Sep 2001|volume=9|issue=9|url=https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/9.09/docomo_pr.html|access-date=January 24, 2014}}</ref> 

Japanese cell phones increasingly diverged from global standards and trends to offer other forms of advanced services and smartphone-like functionality that were specifically tailored to the [[Japanese mobile phone culture|Japanese market]], such as [[mobile payment]]s and shopping, [[near-field communication]] (NFC) allowing [[Osaifu-Keitai|mobile wallet]] functionality to replace [[smart card]]s for transit fares, loyalty cards, identity cards, event tickets, coupons, money transfer, etc., downloadable content like musical [[ringtone]]s, [[mobile game|game]]s, and [[mobile comic|comics]], and [[1seg]] [[mobile television]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Huff|first1=Sid L.|last2=Barnes|first2=Stuart J|title=Rising Sun: iMode and the Wireless Internet, Vol. 46, No. 1|date=November 1, 2003|publisher=Communications of the ACM|pages=79–84}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Anwar|first=Sayid Tariq|title=NTT DoCoMo and M-Commerce: A Case Study in Market Expansion and Global Strategy |url=http://www.itu.dk/~rold/1_sem/B1/Cases/DoCoMo.pdf|publisher=The American Graduate School of International Management |access-date=February 16, 2014}}</ref> Phones built by Japanese manufacturers used custom [[firmware]], however, and did not yet feature standardized [[mobile operating system]]s designed to cater to [[mobile developers|third-party application development]], so their software and ecosystems were akin to very advanced [[feature phone]]s. As with other feature phones, additional software and services required partnerships and deals with providers.

The degree of integration between phones and carriers, unique phone features, non-standardized platforms, and tailoring to Japanese culture made it difficult for Japanese manufacturers to export their phones, especially when demand was so high in Japan that the companies did not feel the need to look elsewhere for additional profits.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/20/technology/20cell.html|title=Why Japan's Smartphones Haven't Gone Global |last=Tabuchi |first=Hiroko |author-link=Hiroko Tabuchi |work=The New York Times |date=July 20, 2009 |access-date=2018-10-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Budmar|first=Patrick|url=https://www.pcworld.idg.com.au/article/430254/why_japanese_smartphones_never_went_global/|title=Why Japanese smartphones never went global|work=PC World AU|date=11 July 2012|access-date=2018-10-06|archive-date=June 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612162436/https://www.pcworld.idg.com.au/article/430254/why_japanese_smartphones_never_went_global/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Devin |last=Stewart |title=Slowing Japan's Galapagos Syndrome |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/devin-stewart/slowing-japans-galapagos_b_557446.html |quote='Galapagos syndrome', a phrase originally coined to describe Japanese cell phones that were so advanced they had little in common with devices used in the rest of the world, could potentially spread to other parts of society. Indeed signs suggest it is happening already. |work=[[Huffington Post]] |date=April 29, 2010 |access-date=2010-06-24 |author-link= Devin Stewart}}</ref>

The rise of [[3G]] technology in other markets and non-Japanese phones with powerful standardized [[mobile operating system|smartphone operating system]]s, [[app store]]s, and advanced wireless network capabilities allowed non-Japanese phone manufacturers to finally break in to the Japanese market, gradually adopting Japanese phone features like [[emoji]]s, mobile payments, NFC, etc. and spreading them to the rest of the world.

===Early smartphones===
[[File:BlackBerry 8820, BlackBerry Bold 9900 and BlackBerry Classic.jpg|thumb|Several [[BlackBerry]] smartphones, which were highly popular in the mid-late 2000s]]

Phones that made effective use of any significant data connectivity were still rare outside Japan until the introduction of the [[Danger Hiptop]] in 2002, which saw moderate success among U.S. consumers as the [[T-Mobile US|T-Mobile]] Sidekick. Later, in the mid-2000s, business users in the U.S. started to adopt devices based on [[Microsoft|Microsoft's]] [[Windows Mobile]], and then [[BlackBerry]] smartphones from [[Research In Motion]]. American users popularized the term "CrackBerry" in 2006 due to the BlackBerry's addictive nature.<ref>{{cite news|title=Info Addicts Are All Thumbs: Crackberry Is the 2006 Word of the Year|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/websters-new-worldr-college-dictionary-info-addicts-are-all-thumbs-55824847.html|access-date=January 24, 2014|newspaper=PR Newswire|date=November 1, 2006}}</ref> In the U.S., the high cost of data plans and relative rarity of devices with Wi-Fi capabilities that could avoid cellular data network usage kept adoption of smartphones mainly to business professionals and "[[early adopters]]".

Outside the U.S. and Japan, [[Nokia]] was seeing success with its smartphones based on [[Symbian]], originally developed by [[Psion (company)|Psion]] for their personal organisers, and it was the most popular smartphone OS in [[Europe]] during the middle to late 2000s. Initially, Nokia's Symbian smartphones were focused on business with the [[Nokia Eseries|Eseries]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brighthub.com/mobile/symbian-platform/articles/88622.aspx |title=The Nokia E Series Range of Smartphones |publisher=Brighthub.com |date=27 September 2010 |access-date=6 September 2017 }}</ref> similar to Windows Mobile and [[BlackBerry]] devices at the time. From 2002 onwards, Nokia started producing consumer-focused smartphones, popularized by the entertainment-focused [[Nokia Nseries|Nseries]]. Until 2010, Symbian was the world's most widely used smartphone operating system.<ref>{{cite web|last=Schroeder |first=Stan |url=http://mashable.com/2010/02/23/gartner-smartphones/ |title=Smartphones in 2009: Symbian Dominates, iPhone, RIM and Android Rising Fast |publisher=Mashable |date=23 February 2010 |access-date=3 September 2013}}</ref>

The [[touchscreen]] personal digital assistant (PDA){{En dash}}derived nature of adapted operating systems like [[Palm OS]], the "[[Pocket PC]]" versions of what was later [[Windows Mobile]], and the [[UIQ]] interface that was originally designed for pen-based PDAs on [[Symbian OS]] devices resulted in some early smartphones having stylus-based interfaces. These allowed for [[Virtual keyboard|virtual keyboards]] and handwriting input, thus also allowing easy entry of Asian characters.<ref name="JobsKilledTheStylus">{{cite web|last1=Whitwam|first1=Ryan|url=https://www.extremetech.com/computing/98923-how-steve-jobs-killed-the-stylus-and-made-smartphones-usable|title=How Steve Jobs killed the stylus and made smartphones usable |website=ExtremeTech |date=October 7, 2011 |access-date=4 April 2018}}</ref>

By the mid-2000s, the majority of smartphones had a physical [[QWERTY]] keyboard. Most used a "[[Form factor (mobile phones)#Keyboard bars|keyboard bar]]" form factor, like the [[BlackBerry]] line, [[Windows Mobile]] smartphones, [[Palm Treo]]s, and some of the [[Nokia Eseries]]. A few hid their full physical QWERTY keyboard in a [[Form factor (mobile phones)#Slider|sliding form factor]], like the [[Danger Hiptop]] line. Some even had only a [[Telephone keypad|numeric keypad]] using [[T9 (predictive text)|T9 text input]], like the [[Nokia Nseries]] and other models in the [[Nokia Eseries]]. [[Resistive touchscreen]]s with [[Stylus (computing)|stylus]]-based interfaces could still be found on a few smartphones, like the [[Palm Treo]]s, which had dropped their handwriting input after a few early models that were available in versions with [[Graffiti (Palm OS)|Graffiti]] instead of a keyboard.

===Form factor and operating system shifts===
[[File:LG KE850 Prada Hauptmenü.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[LG Prada]] with a large capacitive touchscreen introduced in 2006]]
[[File:IPhone 1st Gen.svg|thumb|upright|The original [[iPhone (1st generation)|Apple iPhone]]; following its introduction in 2007, the common smartphone form factor shifted to large touchscreen software interfaces without physical keypads<ref name="How iPhone Changed the World"/>]]

The late 2000s and early 2010s saw a shift in smartphone interfaces away from devices with physical keyboards and keypads to ones with large finger-operated [[Touchscreen#Capacitive|capacitive]] touchscreens.<ref name="How iPhone Changed the World">{{cite web |last=Elgan |first=Mike |title=How iPhone Changed the World |url=https://www.cultofmac.com/103229/how-iphone-changed-the-world/ |website=Cult of Mac |date=July 2, 2011 |access-date=October 17, 2019}}</ref> The first phone of any kind with a large capacitive touchscreen was the [[LG Prada]], announced by [[LG Electronics|LG]] in December 2006.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.lge.com/about/press_archive/detail/AB_NARCH%7CMENU_1_20302.jhtml |title=LG, Prada to Start Selling Mobile Phone at Start of Next Year |date=December 11, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070108070435/http://www.lge.com/about/press_archive/detail/AB_NARCH%7CMENU_1_20302.jhtml |archive-date=January 8, 2007}}</ref> This was a fashionable [[feature phone]] created in collaboration with Italian luxury designer [[Prada]] with a 3" 240 x 400 pixel screen, a 2-Megapixel digital camera with 144p video recording ability, an [[LED flash]], and a miniature mirror for self portraits.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.gsmhistory.com/vintage-mobiles/#prada|title =Vintage Mobiles: LG Prada - First mobile with a capacitive touchscreen (May 2007) |last=Temple|first=Stephen|publisher=History of GMS: Birth of the mobile revolution}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gsmarena.com/lg_ke850_prada-1828.php |title=LG KE850 Prada review: Sophistication made simple |date=2007-05-27 |access-date=2021-06-23 |page=4 }}</ref>

In January 2007, [[Apple Inc.|Apple Computer]] introduced the [[iPhone (1st generation)|iPhone]].<ref>{{cite video | people=Jobs, Steve | date=January 19, 2007 | url=https://www.apple.com/quicktime/qtv/mwsf07/ | title=Macworld San Francisco 2007 Keynote Address | location=San Francisco | publisher=Apple, Inc. | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222223204/http://www.apple.com/quicktime/qtv/mwsf07/ | archive-date=December 22, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.macworld.com/article/54764/2007/01/liveupdate.html | title=Macworld Expo Keynote Live Update | first=Peter | last=Cohen | date=March 13, 2007 | work=[[Macworld]] | access-date=July 21, 2010 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100724170414/http://www.macworld.com/article/54764/2007/01/liveupdate.html | archive-date=July 24, 2010 
}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |author=<!--Not stated--> |title=Apple Reinvents the Phone with iPhone |url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2007/01/09Apple-Reinvents-the-Phone-with-iPhone/ |publisher=[[Apple Inc.]] |date=January 9, 2007 |access-date=October 16, 2019}}</ref> It had a 3.5" [[Touchscreen#Capacitive|capacitive]] touchscreen with twice the common resolution of most [[Comparison of smartphones#2007|smartphone screens at the time]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Louis |first=Tristan |title=The iPhone is here |url=https://www.tnl.net/blog/2007/01/09/the-iphone-is-here/ |website=TNL.net |date=January 9, 2007 |access-date=October 16, 2019}}</ref> and introduced [[multi-touch]] to phones, which allowed gestures such as "pinching" to zoom in or out on photos, maps, and web pages. The iPhone was notable as being the first device of its kind targeted at the mass market to abandon the use of a stylus, keyboard, or keypad typical of contemporary smartphones, instead using a large touchscreen for direct finger input as its main means of interaction.<ref name="JobsKilledTheStylus"/>

The iPhone's [[Mobile operating system|operating system]] was also a shift away from older operating systems (which older phones supported and which were adapted from PDAs and [[feature phone]]s) to an operative system powerful enough to not require using a limited, [[Mobile browser|stripped down web browser]] that can only render pages specially formatted using technologies such as [[Wireless Markup Language|WML]], [[i-mode|cHTML]], or [[XHTML]] and instead ran a version of Apple's [[Safari (web browser)|Safari]] browser that could render full websites<ref>{{cite news |first1=Walter S. |last1=Mossberg |first2=Katherine |last2=Boehret |author-link=Walter Mossberg |title=The iPhone Is a Breakthrough Handheld Computer |url=http://solution.allthingsd.com/20070626/the-iphone-is-breakthrough-handheld-computer/ |work=The Mossberg Solution |date=June 26, 2007 |quote=The iPhone is the first smart phone we've tested with a real, computer-grade Web browser, a version of Apple's Safari. It displays entire Web pages, in their real layouts, and allows you to zoom in quickly by either tapping or pinching with your finger. |access-date=October 17, 2019 |archive-date=June 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614195245/http://solution.allthingsd.com/20070626/the-iphone-is-breakthrough-handheld-computer/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Levy |first=Steven |title=First Look: Test Driving the iPhone |url=https://www.newsweek.com/first-look-test-driving-iphone-102625 |work=[[Newsweek]] |date=June 25, 2007 |access-date=October 16, 2019 |quote=Web-browsing is where the iPhone leaves competitors in the dust. It does the best job yet of compressing the World Wide Web on a palm-size device. The screen can nicely display an entire Web page, and by dragging, tapping, pinching and stretching your fingers you can zero in on the part of the page you want to read. Web pages you wouldn't dare go to on other phones are suddenly accessible}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Ed |last=Baig |title=iPhone Review |url=https://www.usatoday.com/tech/columnist/edwardbaig/2007-06-26-iphone-review_N.htm |work=[[USA Today]] |date=June 26, 2007 |access-date=October 16, 2019 |quote=This is the closest thing to the real-deal Internet that I've seen on a pocket-size device ... IPhone runs Apple's Safari browser. You can view full Web pages, then double-tap the screen to zoom in. Or pinch to make text larger. Sliding your finger moves the page around. Rotating iPhone lets you view a page widescreen.|author-link=Ed Baig }}</ref> not specifically designed for mobile phones.<ref>{{cite web |last=Shea |first=Dave |title=iMobile |url=http://mezzoblue.com/archives/2007/01/09/imobile/ |website=mezzoblue.com |date=January 9, 2007 |access-date=October 16, 2019 |quote=It doesn't run a stripped-down mobile browser that delivers a sub-par experience, it runs Safari - a customized version with special UI tweaks, but that's still WebKit under the hood. It will render your site the same way your desktop does. |archive-date=October 17, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017062248/http://mezzoblue.com/archives/2007/01/09/imobile/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Later Apple shipped a [[iPhone OS 2|software update]] that gave the iPhone a built-in on-device App Store allowing direct wireless downloads of [[Mobile developers|third-party]] software.<ref>{{cite web | first=Geoff | last=Duncan | title=Apple confirms iPhone SDK coming next year | url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/apple/apple-confirms-iphone-sdk-coming-next-year/ | website=[[Digital Trends]] | date=October 17, 2007 | access-date=June 11, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Steve Jobs confirms native iPhone SDK by February | url=http://appleinsider.com/articles/07/10/17/steve_jobs_confirms_native_iphone_sdk_by_february | website=AppleInsider | date=October 17, 2007 | access-date=June 11, 2017}}</ref> This kind of centralized App Store and free [[Software development kit|developer tools]]<ref>{{cite web | first=Jim | last=Dalrymple | title=Apple unveils iPhone SDK | url=http://www.macworld.com/article/1132400/iphonesdk.html | website=[[Macworld]] | publisher=[[International Data Group]] | date=March 6, 2008 | access-date=June 11, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | first=Ryan | last=Block | author-link=Ryan Block | title=Live from Apple's iPhone SDK press conference | url=https://www.engadget.com/2008/03/06/live-from-apples-iphone-press-conference/ | website=[[Engadget]] | publisher=[[AOL]] | date=March 6, 2008 | access-date=June 11, 2017}}</ref> quickly became the new main paradigm for all smartphone platforms for software [[Software development|development]], [[Software distribution|distribution]], discovery, [[Installation (computer programs)|installation]], and payment, in place of expensive developer tools that required official approval to use and a dependence on [[List of mobile app distribution platforms#Third-party platforms|third-party sources]] providing applications for multiple platforms.<ref name="How iPhone Changed the World" />

The advantages of a design with software powerful enough to support advanced applications and a large capacitive touchscreen affected the development of another smartphone OS platform, [[Android (operating system)|Android]], with a more BlackBerry-like prototype device scrapped in favor of a touchscreen device with a slide-out physical keyboard, as Google's engineers thought at the time that a touchscreen could not completely replace a physical keyboard and buttons.<ref name=atlantic-startover>{{cite web|title=The Day Google Had to 'Start Over' on Android|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/12/the-day-google-had-to-start-over-on-android/282479/|work=The Atlantic|date=December 18, 2013|access-date=20 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="AndroidInc">{{cite web |url=http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/aug2005/tc20050817_0949_tc024.htm |title=Google Buys Android for Its Mobile Arsenal |last=Elgin |first=Ben |date=17 August 2005 |work=Bloomberg Businessweek |publisher=Bloomberg |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110205190729/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/aug2005/tc20050817_0949_tc024.htm |archive-date=5 February 2011 |url-status=dead |access-date=2012-02-20}}</ref><ref name="EngadgetMobileOS">{{cite web |url=https://www.engadget.com/2007/08/28/google-is-working-on-a-mobile-os-and-its-due-out-shortly |title=Google is working on a mobile OS, and it's due out shortly |last=Block |first=Ryan |work=[[Engadget]] |date=28 August 2007 |access-date=2012-02-17}}</ref> Android is based around a modified Linux kernel, again providing more power than [[mobile operating system]]s adapted from PDAs and feature phones. The first Android device, the horizontal-sliding [[HTC Dream]], was released in September 2008.<ref name="cnet-tmobileretailer">{{cite web | url=https://www.cnet.com/news/all-t-mobile-retail-stores-to-carry-g1/ | title=All T-Mobile retail stores to carry G1 | first = Bonnie | last = Cha | date = January 23, 2009 | website = [[CNET]] | access-date=28 December 2021}}</ref>

In 2012, [[Asus]] started experimenting with a convertible docking system named ''[[Asus PadFone|PadFone]]'', where the standalone handset can when necessary be inserted into a [[tablet PC|tablet]]-sized screen unit with integrated supportive battery and used as such.

In 2013 and 2014, Samsung experimented with the hybrid combination of [[compact camera]] and smartphone, releasing the [[Samsung Galaxy S4 Zoom|Galaxy S4 Zoom]] and [[Samsung Galaxy K Zoom|K Zoom]], each equipped with integrated 10× [[optical zoom]] lens and manual parameter settings (including manual exposure and focus) years before these were widely adapted among smartphones. The S4 Zoom additionally has a rotary knob ring around the lens and a tripod mount.

While screen sizes have increased, manufacturers have attempted to make smartphones thinner at the expense of utility and sturdiness, since a thinner frame is more vulnerable to bending and has less space for components, namely battery capacity.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bendgate: Is the iPhone 6 Plus bending too easily or is it a st |url=https://www.pocket-lint.com/phones/news/131105-bendgate-is-the-iphone-6-plus-bending-too-easily-or-is-it-a-storm-in-a-teacup |website=www.pocket-lint.com |access-date=26 January 2022 |language=en-gb |date=24 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Oreskovic |first1=Alexei |title=Here's Samsung's infographic that explains why the Note 7 phones exploded |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/samsung-infographic-explains-why-galaxy-note-7-phones-exploded-2017-1 |website=Business Insider |access-date=26 January 2022 |date=23 January 2017}}</ref>

====Operating system competition====
[[File:Meizu MX4.jpg|thumb|upright|A [[Meizu MX4]] with [[Flyme OS]]]]
{{anchor|Smartphone_OS_competition}}<!--Previous title anchored in order to avoid breaking existing section links-->
The iPhone and later touchscreen-only Android devices together popularized the slate [[Form factor (mobile phones)|form factor]], based on a large [[capacitive touchscreen]] as the sole means of interaction, and led to the decline of earlier, keyboard- and keypad-focused platforms.<ref name="How iPhone Changed the World" /> Later, navigation keys such as the home, ''back'', ''[[menu key|menu]]'', ''task'' and ''search'' buttons have also been increasingly replaced by nonphysical touch keys, then virtual, simulated on-screen navigation keys, commonly with access combinations such as a long press of the task key to simulate a short menu key press, as with home button to search.<ref>{{cite web |title=How to access the hardware menu button on Samsung Galaxy S5? |url=https://galaxys5guide.com/samsung-galaxy-s5-how-to-guides/how-to-access-the-hardware-menu-button/ |website=Samsung Galaxy S5 Guide |date=2014-05-07}}</ref> More recent "bezel-less" types have their screen surface space extended to the unit's front bottom to compensate for the display area lost for simulating the navigation keys. While virtual keys offer more potential customizability, their location may be inconsistent among systems depending on screen rotation and software used.
 
Multiple vendors attempted to update or replace their existing smartphone platforms and devices to better-compete with Android and the iPhone; Palm unveiled a new platform known as [[webOS]] for its [[Palm Pre]] in late-2009 to replace [[Palm OS]], which featured a focus on a task-based "card" metaphor and seamless synchronization and integration between various online services (as opposed to the then-conventional concept of a smartphone needing a PC to serve as a "canonical, authoritative repository" for user data).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2009/01/palm-launches-new-handset-pre-operating-system-at-ces/|title=Palm strikes back with new OS, pre handset at CES|last=Stokes|first=Jon|date=2009-01-08|website=Ars Technica |access-date=2020-02-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2009/01/of-clouds-palms-webos-and-cutting-the-cord/|title="Synergy" means no need to "save" or "sync" on Palm's pre|last=Stokes|first=Jon|date=2009-01-12|website=Ars Technica |access-date=2020-02-25}}</ref> [[Hewlett-Packard|HP]] acquired Palm in 2010 and released several other webOS devices, including the [[Pre 3]] and [[HP TouchPad]] tablet. As part of a proposed divestment of its consumer business to focus on enterprise software, HP abruptly ended development of future webOS devices in August 2011, and sold the rights to webOS to [[LG Electronics]] in 2013, for use as a [[smart TV]] platform.<ref>{{cite news|last=Iwatani|first=Yukari|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424053111904070604576516770382416428|title=Pioneering Firm Bows to 'Post-PC World'|date=August 19, 2011|work=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=November 30, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-21587666|title=HP sells Palm WebOS assets to LG|date=2013-02-26|work=BBC News|access-date=2020-03-02 }}</ref>

[[Research in Motion]] introduced the vertical-sliding [[BlackBerry Torch]] and BlackBerry OS 6 in 2010, which featured a redesigned user interface, support for gestures such as pinch-to-zoom, and a new web browser based on the same [[WebKit]] rendering engine used by the iPhone.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnet.com/reviews/blackberry-torch-9800-review/|title=BlackBerry Torch 9800 review: BlackBerry Torch 9800|last=Cha|first=Bonnie|website=CNET |access-date=2020-02-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ocregister.com/2010/09/21/can-blackerry-torch-compete-with-iphone/|title=Can Blackerry Torch compete with iPhone?|date=2010-09-21|website=Orange County Register |access-date=2020-02-25}}</ref> The following year, RIM released BlackBerry OS 7 and new models in the [[BlackBerry Bold|Bold]] and Torch ranges, which included a new Bold with a touchscreen alongside its keyboard, and the Torch 9860—the first BlackBerry phone to not include a physical keyboard.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.engadget.com/2011/08/03/rim-launches-blackberry-torch-9810-torch-9850-and/|title=RIM launches BlackBerry Torch 9810, Torch 9860 and Bold 9900, we go hands-on!|website=Engadget |date=August 3, 2011 |access-date=2020-02-25}}</ref> In 2013, it replaced the legacy BlackBerry OS with a revamped, [[QNX]]-based platform known as [[BlackBerry 10]], with the all-touch [[BlackBerry Z10]] and keyboard-equipped [[BlackBerry Q10|Q10]] as launch devices.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2013/1/30/3929760/blackberry-z10-review|title=BlackBerry Z10 review: a new life, or life support?|last=Topolsky|first=Joshua|date=2013-01-30|website=The Verge |access-date=2020-02-25}}</ref>

In 2010, Microsoft unveiled a replacement for Windows Mobile known as [[Windows Phone]], featuring a new touchscreen-centric user interface built around [[flat design]] and typography, a home screen with "live tiles" containing feeds of updates from apps, as well as integrated [[Microsoft Office]] apps.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pcworld.com/article/189347/Windows_Phone_7_An_Indepth_Look_at_the_Features_and_Interface.html|title=Windows Phone 7: An In-depth Look at the Features and Interface|date=2010-02-15|website=PCWorld |access-date=2020-02-25}}</ref> In February 2011, Nokia announced that it had entered into a major partnership with Microsoft, under which it would exclusively use Windows Phone on all of its future smartphones, and integrate Microsoft's [[Bing (search engine)|Bing]] search engine and [[Bing Maps]] (which, as part of the partnership, would also license [[Nokia Maps]] data) into all future devices. The announcement led to the abandonment of both Symbian, as well as [[MeeGo]]—a Linux-based mobile platform it was co-developing with Intel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-12427680|title=Nokia and Microsoft form partnership|date=11 February 2011|website=BBC News|access-date=16 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Weintraub |first=Seth |url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/02/08/nokias-elop-drops-bomb-the-platform-is-on-fire/ |title=Nokia's Elop drops bomb: the platform is on fire |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=2011-02-08 |access-date=2013-06-14 |archive-date=June 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627165328/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/02/08/nokias-elop-drops-bomb-the-platform-is-on-fire/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=ben-Aaron|first=Diana|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-02-11/nokia-joins-forces-with-microsoft-to-challenge-dominance-of-apple-google.html|title=Nokia Falls Most Since July 2009 After Microsoft Deal|date=11 February 2011|publisher=Bloomberg|access-date=2020-02-26}}</ref> Nokia's low-end [[Lumia 520]] saw strong demand and helped Windows Phone gain niche popularity in some markets,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2017/10/windows-phone-is-now-officially-dead-a-sad-tale-of-what-might-have-been/|title=Windows Phone is now officially dead: A sad tale of what might have been|last=Bright|first=Peter|date=2017-10-09|website=Ars Technica |access-date=2020-02-26}}</ref> overtaking BlackBerry in global market share in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/lumia-520-extends-lead-as-most-popular-windows-phone-as-nokia-takes-90-percent-of-the-market/|title=Lumia 520 extends lead as most popular Windows Phone, as Nokia takes 90 percent of the market|last=Tung|first=Liam|website=ZDNet |access-date=2020-02-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/idc-windows-phone-sees-largest-year-over-year-increase-android-still-dominates/|title=IDC: Windows Phone sees largest year-over-year increase, Android still dominates|last=Miller|first=Matthew|website=ZDNet |access-date=2020-02-26}}</ref>

In mid-June 2012, [[Meizu]] released its mobile operating system, [[Flyme OS]].

Many of these attempts to compete with Android and iPhone were short-lived. Over the course of the decade, the two platforms became a clear [[duopoly]] in smartphone sales and market share, with BlackBerry, Windows Phone, and other operating systems eventually stagnating to little or no measurable market share.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/2/16/14634656/android-ios-market-share-blackberry-2016|title=99.6 percent of new smartphones run Android or iOS|last=Vincent|first=James|date=2017-02-16|website=The Verge |access-date=2020-02-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2015/8/20/9181269/gartner-q2-2015-smartphone-sales|title=96.8 percent of new smartphones sold are either iPhone or Android devices|last=Savov|first=Vlad|date=2015-08-20|website=The Verge |access-date=2020-03-02}}</ref> In 2015, BlackBerry began to pivot away from its in-house mobile platforms in favor of producing Android devices, focusing on a security-enhanced distribution of the software. The following year, the company announced that it would also exit the hardware market to focus more on software and its enterprise middleware,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnet.com/au/news/blackberry-to-stop-building-its-own-smartphones/|title=BlackBerry bails on building its own phones|work=CNET|access-date=June 21, 2017 }}</ref> and began to license the BlackBerry brand and its Android distribution to third-party OEMs such as [[TCL Corporation|TCL]] for future devices.<ref name="tc-tcldeal">{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/12/15/blackberry/|title=TCL signs an exclusive deal to build BlackBerry-branded phones|website=TechCrunch|date=December 15, 2016 |access-date=December 15, 2016}}</ref><ref name=gandm-bbpriv>{{cite news|title=BlackBerry bets on Android's apps to buoy new Priv|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/technology/tech-news/blackberry-revenue-falls-short-adjusted-loss-more-than-expected/article26539263/|access-date=26 September 2015|work=The Globe & Mail}}</ref>

In September 2013, Microsoft announced its intent to acquire Nokia's mobile device business for $7.1 billion, as part of a strategy under CEO [[Steve Ballmer]] for Microsoft to be a "devices and services" company.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2015/7/8/8910999/microsoft-job-cuts-2015-nokia-write-off|title=Microsoft writes off $7.6 billion from Nokia deal, announces 7,800 job cuts|last=Warren|first=Tom|date=2015-07-08|website=The Verge |access-date=2020-02-26}}</ref> Despite the growth of Windows Phone and the [[Microsoft Lumia|Lumia]] range (which accounted for nearly 90% of all Windows Phone devices sold),<ref name="PocketNowNokia90percent">{{cite news|last=Rivera|first=Jaime|url=http://pocketnow.com/2013/10/18/nokia-owns-90-of-the-windows-phone-market-share|title=Nokia owns 90% of the Windows Phone market share.|date=18 October 2013|newspaper=PocketNow|access-date=February 26, 2020|archive-date=November 16, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116181156/http://pocketnow.com/2013/10/18/nokia-owns-90-of-the-windows-phone-market-share|url-status=dead}}</ref> the platform never had significant market share in the key U.S. market,<ref name=":0" /> and Microsoft was unable to maintain Windows Phone's momentum in the years that followed, resulting in dwindling interest from users and app developers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2015/10/23/9602350/microsoft-windows-phone-app-removal-windows-store|title=Windows Phone has a new app problem|last=Warren|first=Tom|date=2015-10-23|website=The Verge |access-date=2020-02-26}}</ref> After Balmer was succeeded by [[Satya Nadella]] (who has placed a larger focus on software and cloud computing) as CEO of Microsoft, it took a $7.6 billion [[write-off]] on the Nokia assets in July 2015, and laid off nearly the entire [[Microsoft Mobile]] unit in May 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/5/25/11766344/microsoft-nokia-impairment-layoffs-may-2016|title=Microsoft lays off hundreds as it guts its phone business|last=Warren|first=Tom|date=2016-05-25|website=The Verge |access-date=2020-02-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/10/10/16452162/windows-phone-history-glorious-failure|title=Windows Phone was a glorious failure|last=Savov|first=Vlad|date=2017-10-10|website=The Verge |access-date=2020-02-26}}</ref><ref name="auto1"/>

Prior to the completion of the sale to Microsoft, Nokia released a series of Android-derived smartphones for [[emerging market]]s known as [[Nokia X family|Nokia X]], which combined an Android-based platform with elements of Windows Phone and Nokia's feature phone platform [[Nokia Asha platform|Asha]], using Microsoft and Nokia services rather than Google.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/2/24/5440498/nokia-x-android-phone-hands-on|title=This is Nokia X: Android and Windows Phone collide|last=Warren|first=Tom|date=2014-02-24|website=The Verge |access-date=2020-03-02}}</ref>

===Camera advancements===
{{Further|Digital camera|Camera phone}}
[[File:Xiaomi 13 Ultra.jpg|thumb|right|[[Xiaomi 13 Ultra]] featured a [[Leica Camera|Leica]] Summicron camera system]]
[[File:Oppo Find X6 Pro.jpg|thumb|right|[[Oppo Find X6]] features software-based tuning co-developed with [[Hasselblad]]]]
The first commercial [[camera phone]] was the [[Kyocera]] [[Kyocera VP-210 Visual Phone|Visual Phone VP-210]], released in Japan in May 1999.<ref name="CameraphonesLookBackForward">{{cite web |last=Yegulalp |first=Serdar |title=Camera phones: A look back and forward |url=https://www.computerworld.com/article/2473084/camera-phones--a-look-back-and-forward.html |website=[[Computerworld]] |date=May 11, 2012 |access-date=September 15, 2019 |archive-date=October 9, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009064125/https://www.computerworld.com/article/2473084/camera-phones--a-look-back-and-forward.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was called a "mobile videophone" at the time,<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Not stated--> |title=First mobile videophone introduced |url=http://edition.cnn.com/TECH/ptech/9905/18/japan.phonetv/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020317125804/http://edition.cnn.com/TECH/ptech/9905/18/japan.phonetv/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 17, 2002 |agency=[[CNN]] |date=May 18, 1999 |access-date=September 15, 2019}}</ref> and had a 110,000-[[pixel]] [[front-facing camera]].<ref name="CameraphonesLookBackForward"/> It could send up to two images per second over Japan's [[Personal Handy-phone System]] (PHS) [[cellular network]], and store up to 20 [[JPEG]] [[digital images]], which could be sent over [[e-mail]].<ref name="CameraphonesLookBackForward"/> The first mass-market camera phone was the [[J-SH04]], a [[Sharp Corporation|Sharp]] [[J-Phone]] model sold in Japan in November 2000.<ref>{{cite web |first=Hoi |last=Wan |url=http://www.hoista.net/post/18437919296/evolution-of-the-cameraphone-from-sharp-j-sh04-to |title=Evolution of the Camera phone: From Sharp J-SH04 to Nokia 808 Pureview |publisher=Hoista.net |date=February 28, 2012 |access-date=June 21, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731053246/http://www.hoista.net/post/18437919296/evolution-of-the-cameraphone-from-sharp-j-sh04-to |archive-date=July 31, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=From J-Phone to Lumia 1020: A complete history of the camera phone |url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/camera-phone-history/ |website=[[Digital Trends]] |date=August 11, 2013 |access-date=September 15, 2019}}</ref> It could instantly transmit pictures via cell phone [[telecommunication]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Taking pictures with your phone |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/1550622.stm |work=[[BBC News]] |agency=[[BBC]] |date=September 18, 2001 |access-date=September 15, 2019}}</ref>

By the mid-2000s, higher-end [[cell phones]] commonly had integrated digital cameras. In 2003 [[camera phone]]s outsold stand-alone digital cameras, and in 2006 they outsold film and digital stand-alone cameras. Five billion camera phones were sold in five years, and by 2007 more than half of the [[installed base]] of all mobile phones were camera phones. Sales of separate cameras peaked in 2008.<ref name="SmartphonesTollonGPS">{{cite web |last=O'Brien |first=Kevin J. |title=Smartphone Sales Taking Toll on G.P.S. Devices |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/15/technology/15iht-navigate.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=November 15, 2010}}</ref>

Many early smartphones did not have cameras at all, and earlier models that had them had low performance and insufficient image and video quality that could not compete with budget pocket cameras and fulfill user's needs.<ref name=Nokia6111>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gsmarena.com/nokia_6111-review-61.php|title=Nokia 6111 review: Venus and maybe Mars too|website=GSMArena.com}}</ref> By the beginning of the 2010s almost all smartphones had an integrated digital camera. The decline in sales of stand-alone cameras accelerated due to the increasing use of smartphones with rapidly improving camera technology for casual photography, easier [[Digital image processing|image manipulation]], and abilities to directly [[Image sharing|share photos]] through the use of [[Mobile app|apps]] and web-based services.<ref name="SmartphonesKillingPoint-and-shoots">{{cite web |last=Ogg |first=Erica |title=Smartphones killing point-and-shoots, now take almost 1/3 of photos |url=https://gigaom.com/2011/12/22/smartphones-killing-point-and-shoots-now-take-almost-13-of-photos/ |website=Gigaom |date=December 22, 2011 |access-date=October 22, 2019 |archive-date=July 14, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714065702/https://gigaom.com/2011/12/22/smartphones-killing-point-and-shoots-now-take-almost-13-of-photos/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Siegler |first=MG |title=iPhone 4 About To Be Flickr's Top Camera. Point & Shoots? Pretty Much The Opposite. |url=https://techcrunch.com/2011/04/17/iphone-4-camera/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |date=April 17, 2011 |access-date=November 4, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cooke |first=Alex |title=Nikon Closes China Camera Factory, Cites Smartphones as Cause |url=https://fstoppers.com/news/nikon-closes-china-camera-factory-cites-smartphones-cause-201773 |date=October 30, 2017 |website=Fstoppers |access-date=August 23, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Smile, and Say 'Android' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/20/technology/personaltech/androidcameras-from-nikon-and-samsung-go-beyond-cellphones-review.html?pagewanted=all&_r=1& |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=December 20, 2012 |access-date=August 22, 2013}}</ref> By 2011, cell phones with integrated cameras were selling hundreds of millions per year. In 2015, digital camera sales were 35.395 million units or only less than a third of digital camera sales numbers at their peak and also slightly less than film camera sold number at their peak.<ref>{{cite web |last=Stirr |first=Thomas |url=http://tomstirrphotography.com/digital-camera-sales-continued-decline |title=Digital Camera Sales Continued To Decline In 2015 |date=April 2, 2016 |access-date=October 31, 2016 |archive-date=October 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031212454/http://tomstirrphotography.com/digital-camera-sales-continued-decline |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/269927/sales-of-analog-and-digital-cameras-worldwide-since-2002/ |title=Worldwide unit sales of digital cameras from 2011 to 2016 (in millions) |access-date=March 28, 2017}}</ref>

Contributing to the rise in popularity of smartphones being used over dedicated cameras for photography, smaller pocket cameras have difficulty producing [[bokeh]] in images, but nowadays, some smartphones have dual-lens cameras that reproduce the bokeh effect easily, and can even rearrange the level of bokeh after shooting. This works by capturing multiple images with different focus settings, then combining the background of the main image with a [[Macro photography|macro focus shot]].

In 2007, the [[Nokia N95]] was notable as a smartphone that had a 5.0 [[Megapixel]] (MP) camera, when most others had cameras with around 3 MP or less than 2 MP. Some specialized feature phones like the [[LG Viewty]], [[Samsung SGH-G800]], and [[Sony Ericsson K850i]], all released later that year, also had 5.0 MP cameras. By 2010, 5.0 MP cameras were common; a few smartphones had 8.0 MP cameras and the [[Nokia N8]], [[Sony Ericsson Satio]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newtechnology.co.in/sony-ericsson-satio-a-phone-with-ultimate-multimedia-experience/ |title=Sony Ericsson Satio – A Phone with Ultimate multimedia experience |publisher=Newtechnology.co.in |access-date=June 21, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120714020642/http://www.newtechnology.co.in/sony-ericsson-satio-a-phone-with-ultimate-multimedia-experience/ |archive-date=July 14, 2012 }}</ref> and [[Samsung M8910 Pixon12]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newtechnology.co.in/samsung-pixon12-m8910-worlds-first-12-megapixel-camera-phone/ |title=Samsung Pixon12 M8910 Price in India - 12 megapixel camera-phone |publisher=Newtechnology.co.in |access-date=June 21, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424142402/http://www.newtechnology.co.in/samsung-pixon12-m8910-worlds-first-12-megapixel-camera-phone/ |archive-date=April 24, 2012 }}</ref> feature phone had 12 MP. The main camera of the 2009 [[Nokia N86]] uniquely features a three-level [[aperture]] lens.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nokia N86 8MP review: Lens wide open |url=https://www.gsmarena.com/nokia_n86_8mp-review-366p7.php |website=GSMArena.com |page=7 |date=2009-06-24}}</ref>

The Altek Leo, a 14-megapixel smartphone with 3x optical zoom lens and 720p HD video camera was released in late 2010.<ref>{{cite web |last=Chan |first=John |title=Hands-on with the 14-megapixel Altek Leo |url=http://asia.cnet.com/crave/hands-on-with-the-14-megapixel-altek-leo-62111524.htm |publisher=CBS Interactive |work=CNET |date=June 15, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403042848/http://asia.cnet.com/crave/hands-on-with-the-14-megapixel-altek-leo-62111524.htm |archive-date=April 3, 2012}}</ref>

In 2011, the same year the [[Nintendo 3DS]] was released, HTC unveiled the [[HTC Evo 3D|Evo 3D]], a [[3D phone]] with a dual five-megapixel rear camera setup for spatial imaging, among the earliest [[:Category:Mobile phones with multiple rear cameras|mobile phones with more than one rear camera]].

The 2012 [[Samsung Galaxy S III#Camera|Samsung Galaxy S3]] introduced the ability to capture photos using [[Voice user interface|voice commands]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Cozma|first=Nicole|title=Use your voice to take pictures with the Samsung Galaxy S III|url=https://www.cnet.com/how-to/use-your-voice-to-take-pictures-with-the-samsung-galaxy-s-iii/|access-date=2021-05-29|website=CNET }}</ref>

In 2012, Nokia announced and released the [[Nokia 808 PureView]], featuring a 41-megapixel 1/1.2-inch sensor and a high-resolution f/2.4 [[Carl Zeiss AG|Zeiss]] all-aspherical one-group lens. The high resolution enables four times of lossless [[digital zoom]] at 1080p and six times at 720p resolution, using [[Digital zoom#Not-deteriorated zoom limit|image sensor cropping]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Nokia 808 PureView review: Photo Finnish |url=https://www.gsmarena.com/nokia_808_pureview-review-776p7.php |website=GSMArena.com |page=7 |date=2012-06-22}}</ref> The 2013 [[Nokia Lumia 1020]] has a similar high-resolution camera setup, with the addition of [[optical image stabilization]] and manual camera settings years before common among high-end mobile phones, although lacking [[#Memory_cards|expandable storage]] that could be of use for accordingly high [[file size]]s.

Mobile [[optical image stabilization]] was first introduced by Nokia in 2012 with the [[Lumia 920]], and the earliest known smartphone with an optically stabilized front camera is the [[HTC 10]] from 2016.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dobie |first1=Alex |title=HTC 10 review: Iconic, impressive, imperfect |url=https://www.androidcentral.com/htc-10 |website=Android Central |access-date=16 May 2023 |language=en |date=19 April 2016}}</ref> Optical image stabilization enables prolonged [[exposure time]]s for low-light photography and smoothing out handheld video shaking, since the appearance of shakes magnifies over a larger display such as a [[computer monitor|monitor]] or [[television set]], which would be detrimental to the watching experience.

Since 2012, smartphones have become increasingly able to capture photos while filming. The resolution of those photos resolution may vary between devices. Samsung has used<!-- source does not mention whether they still do --> the highest image sensor resolution at the video's aspect ratio, which at 16:9 is 6 Megapixels (3264 × 1836) on the [[Galaxy S3]] and 9.6 Megapixels (4128 × 2322) on the [[Galaxy S4]].<ref name="761p9">{{Cite web|url=https://www.gsmarena.com/samsung_i9300_galaxy_s_iii-review-761p9.php|title=Samsung I9300 Galaxy S III review: S to the third |page=9 |website=GSMArena.com |date=2012-05-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gsmarena.com/samsung_galaxy_s4-review-914p9.php|title=Samsung Galaxy S4 review: Supernova|page=9 |website=GSMArena.com |date=2013-03-28}}</ref> The earliest iPhones with such functionality, [[iPhone 5]] and [[iPhone 5s|5s]], captured simultaneous photos at 0.9 Megapixels (1280 × 720) while filming.<ref>{{cite web |title=Snap Photos and Record Video on an iPhone at the Same Time |url=https://www.lifewire.com/take-photo-while-recording-video-iphone-1999621 |website=Lifewire |first1=sam|last1=Costello |date=2020-01-22}}</ref>

Starting in 2013 on the [[Xperia Z1]], Sony experimented with real-time [[augmented reality]] camera effects such as floating text, virtual plants, volcano, and a dinosaur walking in the scenery.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sony Xperia Z1 review: A smartphone with a camera-sized sensor |url=https://www.dpreview.com/reviews/sony-xperia-z1-camera-review/5 |website=DPReview |date=2013-11-01}}</ref> Apple later did similarly in 2017 with the [[iPhone X]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carson |first1=Biz |title=Tim Cook Isn't Wrong: Why The iPhone X Could Change How We Use Phones Forever |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/bizcarson/2017/09/12/tim-cook-isnt-wrong-why-the-iphone-x-could-change-how-we-use-phones-forever/ |website=Forbes |date=2017-09-12}}</ref>

In the same year, [[iOS 7]] introduced the later widely implemented viewfinder intuition, where [[exposure value]] can be adjusted through vertical swiping, after focus and exposure has been set by tapping, and even while locked after holding down for a brief moment.<ref>{{cite web |title=How to control focus and depth of field on your iPhone camera |url=https://www.macworld.com/article/222584/how-to-control-focus-and-depth-of-field-on-your-iphone-camera.html |website=Macworld |date=2014-01-05}}</ref> On some devices, this intuition may be restricted by software in video/slow motion modes and for front camera.

In 2013, Samsung unveiled the [[Samsung Galaxy S4 Zoom|Galaxy S4 Zoom]] smartphone with the grip shape of a [[compact camera]] and a 10× [[optical zoom]] lens, as well as a rotary knob ring around the lens, as used on higher-end compact cameras, and an ''[[ISO 1222]]'' tripod mount. It is equipped with manual parameter settings, including for focus and exposure. The successor 2014 [[Samsung Galaxy K Zoom]] brought resolution and performance enhancements, but lacks the rotary knob and tripod mount to allow for a more smartphone-like shape with less protruding lens.<ref>{{cite web |title=Samsung Galaxy K Zoom vs Galaxy S4 Zoom: What's the difference? |url=https://www.pocket-lint.com/phones/buyers-guides/samsung/128613-samsung-galaxy-k-zoom-vs-galaxy-s4-zoom-what-s-the-difference |website=www.pocket-lint.com |access-date=20 April 2021 |date=29 April 2014}}</ref>

The 2014 [[Panasonic Lumix DMC-CM1]] was another attempt at mixing mobile phone with compact camera, so much so that it inherited the [[Lumix]] brand. While lacking optical zoom, its image sensor has a [[image sensor format|format]] of 1", as used in high-end compact cameras such as the [[Lumix DMC-LX100]] and [[Sony CyberShot DSC-RX100]] series, with multiple times the surface size of a typical mobile camera image sensor, as well as support for light sensitivities of up to ISO 25600, well beyond the typical mobile camera light sensitivity range. {{As of|2021}}, no successor has been released.<ref>{{cite web |title=Panasonic Lumix DMC-CM1 camera review |url=https://www.dpreview.com/reviews/panasonic-lumix-dmc-cm1-camera-review/10 |website=DPReview |access-date=20 April 2021 |page=10 |date=2015-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Brawley |first1=William |title=Panasonic CM1 Review |url=https://www.imaging-resource.com/PRODS/panasonic-cm1/panasonic-cm1A.HTM |website=Imaging Resource |access-date=20 April 2021 |date=2015-04-27}}</ref>

In 2013 and 2014, HTC experimentally traded in pixel count for pixel surface size on their [[HTC One M7|One M7]] and [[HTC One M8|M8]], both with only four megapixels, marketed as ''UltraPixel'', citing improved brightness and less noise in low light, though the more recent One M8 lacks [[optical image stabilization]].<ref>{{cite web |title=UltraPixel Camera Image Quality Review |url=https://www.trustedreviews.com/reviews/htc-one-m8-ultrapixel-camera-image-quality-page-7 |website=Trusted Reviews |page=7 |date=2016-11-18}}</ref>

The One M8 additionally was one of the earliest smartphones to be equipped with a [[Stereo camera|dual camera]] setup. Its software allows generating visual spatial effects such as 3D panning, weather effects, and focus adjustment ("UFocus"), simulating the postphotographic selective focusing capability of images produced by a [[Light field camera|light-field camera]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Savvides |first1=Lexy |title=HTC One M8: the camera review |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/htc-one-m8-the-camera-review/ |website=CNET |language=en |date=2014-04-10}}</ref> HTC returned to a high-megapixel single-camera setup on the 2015 [[HTC One M9|One M9]].

Meanwhile, in 2014, LG Mobile started experimenting with [[time-of-flight camera]] functionality, where a rear [[laser]] beam that measures distance accelerates autofocus.

[[Phase-detection autofocus]] was increasingly adapted throughout the mid-2010s, allowing for quicker and more accurate focusing than [[contrast-detection autofocus|contrast detection]].

In 2016, [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] introduced the [[iPhone 7 Plus]], one of the phones to popularize a dual camera setup. The [[iPhone 7 Plus]] included a main 12 MP camera along with a 12 MP telephoto camera.<ref>{{cite web |last=Cade |first=DL |title=Apple Just Released Their Fake Bokeh Portrait Mode to Everyone |url=https://petapixel.com/2016/10/24/apple-just-released-fake-bokeh-portrait-mode-everyone/ |website=PetaPixel |date=October 24, 2016 |access-date=November 5, 2019}}</ref> In early 2018 [[Huawei]] released a new flagship phone, the [[Huawei P20|Huawei P20 Pro]], one of the first triple camera lens setups with [[Leica Camera|Leica]] optics.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/cell-phone-reviews/huawei-p20-pro-review/#/2/1 |title=Huawei P20 Pro review |first=Andy |last=Boxall |date=June 4, 2018}}</ref> In late 2018, [[Samsung]] released a new mid-range smartphone, the [[Samsung Galaxy A9 (2018)|Galaxy A9 (2018)]] with the world's first quad camera setup. The [[Nokia 9 PureView]] was released in 2019 featuring a penta-lens camera system.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nokia 9 PureView - Full phone specifications |url=https://www.gsmarena.com/nokia_9_pureview-8867.php |website=GSMarena.com |access-date=May 20, 2019}}</ref>

2019 saw the commercialization of high resolution sensors, which use [[Bayer filter|pixel binning]] to capture more light. 48 MP and 64 MP sensors developed by Sony and Samsung are commonly used by several manufacturers. 108 MP sensors were first implemented in late 2019 and early 2020.

====Video resolution====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="float:right;"
|+ Timeline (rear camera)
!Resolution
!First year
|-
|720p (HD)
|2009
|-
|720p at 60fps
|2012
|-
|1080p (Full HD)
|2011
|-
|1080p at 60fps
|2013
|-
|[[:Category:Mobile phones with 4K video recording|2160p (4K)]]
|2013
|-
|2160p at 60fps
|2017
|-
|[[:Category:Mobile phones with 8K video recording|4320p (8K)]]
|2020
|-
|}
With stronger getting chipsets to handle computing workload demands at higher pixel rates, mobile video resolution and framerate has caught up with dedicated consumer-grade cameras over years.

In 2009, the [[Samsung i8910 Omnia HD|Samsung Omnia HD]] became the first mobile phone with [[720p]] HD video recording. In the same year, Apple brought video recording initially to the [[iPhone 3GS]], at 480p, whereas the 2007 [[IPhone (1st generation)|original iPhone]] and 2008 [[iPhone 3G]] lacked video recording entirely.

720p was more widely adapted in 2010, on smartphones such as the original [[Samsung Galaxy S (2010 smartphone)|Samsung Galaxy S]], [[Sony Ericsson Xperia X10]], [[iPhone 4]], and [[HTC Desire HD]].

The early 2010s brought a steep increase in mobile video resolution. [[1080p]] mobile video recording was achieved in 2011 on the [[Samsung Galaxy S II|Samsung Galaxy S2]], [[HTC Sensation]], and [[iPhone 4s]].

In 2012 and 2013, select devices with 720p filming at 60 frames per second were released: the [[Asus PadFone|Asus PadFone 2]] and [[HTC One (M7)|HTC One M7]], unlike flagships of Samsung, Sony, and Apple. However, the 2013 [[Samsung Galaxy S4 Zoom]] does support it.

In 2013, the [[Samsung Galaxy Note 3]] introduced [[2160p]] (4K) video recording at 30 [[Frame rate|frames per second]], as well as 1080p doubled to 60 [[Frame rate|frames per second]] for smoothness.

Other vendors adapted 2160p recording in 2014, including the [[optical image stabilization|optically stabilized]] [[LG G3]]. Apple first implemented it in late 2015 on the [[iPhone 6s]] and 6s Plus.

The framerate at 2160p was widely doubled to 60 in 2017 and 2018, starting with the [[iPhone 8]], [[Galaxy S9]], [[LG G7]], and [[OnePlus 6]].

Sufficient computing performance of chipsets and image sensor resolution and its reading speeds have enabled mobile [[4320p]] (8K) filming in 2020, introduced with the [[Samsung Galaxy S20]] and [[Redmi K30 Pro]], though some upper resolution levels were foregone (skipped) throughout development, including [[1440p]] (''2.5K''), [[2880p]] (5K), and [[6K resolution|3240p (6K)]], except 1440p on Samsung Galaxy [[#Front_cameras|front cameras]].

;Mid-class
Among mid-range smartphone series, the introduction of higher video resolutions was initially delayed by two to three years compared to flagship counterparts. 720p was widely adapted in 2012, including with the [[Samsung Galaxy S III Mini|Samsung Galaxy S3 Mini]], [[Sony Xperia Go|Sony Xperia go]], and 1080p in 2013 on the [[Samsung Galaxy S4 Mini]] and [[HTC One Mini|HTC One mini]].

The proliferation of video resolutions beyond 1080p has been postponed by several years. The mid-class [[Sony Xperia M5]] supported 2160p filming in 2016, whereas Samsung's mid-class series such as the [[Samsung Galaxy J series|Galaxy J]] and [[Samsung Galaxy A series|A series]] were strictly limited to 1080p in resolution and 30 frames per second at any resolution for six years until around 2019, whether and how much for technical reasons is unclear.

;Setting
A lower video resolution setting may be desirable to extend recording time by reducing space storage and power consumption.

The camera software of some smartphones is equipped with separate controls for resolution, [[frame rate]], and [[bit rate]]. An example of a smartphone with these controls is the [[LG V10]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=La |first1=Lynn |title=The dual-display LG V10 offers ultimate camera and video control (review) |url=https://www.cnet.com/reviews/lg-v10-review/ |website=CNET |language=en}}</ref>

====Slow motion video====
A distinction between different camera software is the method used to store high frame rate video footage, with more recent phones{{efn|For example, Samsung starting with the [[Galaxy S6]]}} retaining both the image sensor's original output frame rate and audio, while earlier phones do not record audio and stretch the video so it can be played back slowly at default speed.

While the stretched encoding method used on earlier phones enables slow motion playback on [[Media player software|video player software]] that lacks manual playback speed control, typically found on older devices, if the aim were to achieve a slow motion effect, the real-time method used by more recent phones offers greater versatility for video editing, where slowed down portions of the footage can be freely selected by the user, and exported into a separate video. A rudimentary video editing software for this purpose is usually pre-installed. The video can optionally be played back at normal (real-time) speed, acting as usual video.

;Development
The earliest smartphone known to feature a slow motion mode is the 2009 [[Samsung i8000 Omnia II]], which can record at QVGA (320×240) at 120 fps ([[Frame rate|frames per second]]). Slow motion is not available on the [[Samsung Galaxy S (2010 smartphone)|Galaxy S1]], [[Samsung Galaxy S II|Galaxy S2]], [[Samsung Galaxy Note (original)|Galaxy Note 1]], and [[Samsung Galaxy S III|Galaxy S3]] flagships.

In early 2012, the [[HTC One X]] allowed 768×432 pixel slow motion filming at an undocumented frame rate. The output footage has been measured as a third of real-time speed.<ref>{{cite web |title=HTC One X review: eXtra special |url=https://www.gsmarena.com/htc_one_x-review-747p6.php |website=GSMArena.com |date=2012-04-12}}</ref>

In late 2012, the [[Samsung Galaxy Note II|Galaxy Note 2]] brought back slow motion, with D1 (720 × 480) at 120 fps. In early 2013, the [[Galaxy S4]] and [[HTC One M7]] recorded at that frame rate with 800 × 450, followed by the [[Samsung Galaxy Note 3|Note 3]] and [[iPhone 5s]] with 720p (1280 × 720) in late 2013, the latter of which retaines audio and original sensor frame rate, as with all later iPhones. In early 2014, the [[Sony Xperia Z2]] and [[HTC One M8]] adapted this resolution as well. In late 2014, the [[iPhone 6]] doubled the frame rate to 240 fps, and in late 2015, the [[iPhone 6s]] added support for 1080p (1920 × 1080) at 120 frames per second. In early 2015, the [[Samsung Galaxy S6|Galaxy S6]] became the first Samsung mobile phone to retain the sensor framerate and audio, and in early 2016, the [[Samsung Galaxy S7|Galaxy S7]] became the first Samsung mobile phone with 240 fps recording, also at 720p.

In early 2015, the ''MT6795'' chipset by [[MediaTek]] promised 1080p@480 fps video recording. The project's status remains indefinite.<ref>{{cite web |title=MediaTek shows off 480fps super slow-motion 1080p video recording on the MT6795 |url=https://www.neowin.net/news/mediatek-shows-off-480fps-super-slow-motion-1080p-video-recording-on-the-mt6795/ |website=Neowin |language=en |date=2015-02-17}}</ref>

Since early 2017, starting with the [[Sony Xperia XZ]], smartphones have been released with a slow motion mode that unsustainably records at framerates multiple times as high, by temporarily storing frames on the image sensor's internal burst memory. Such a recording lasts a few real-time seconds at most.

In late 2017, the [[iPhone 8]] brought 1080p at 240 fps, as well as 2160p at 60 fps, followed by the Galaxy S9 in early 2018. In mid-2018, the [[OnePlus 6]] brought 720p at 480 fps, sustainable for one minute.

In early 2021, the [[OnePlus 9 Pro]] became the first phone with 2160p at 120 fps.

====HDR video====
The first smartphones to record [[HDR video]] were the early 2013 [[Sony Xperia Z]] and mid-2013 [[Sony Xperia Z Ultra|Xperia Z Ultra]], followed by the early 2014 [[Samsung Galaxy S5|Galaxy S5]], all at 1080p.

====Audio recording====
Mobile phones with multiple [[microphone]]s usually allow video recording with [[stereo audio]] for spaciality, with Samsung, Sony, and HTC initially implementing it in 2012 on their [[Samsung Galaxy S3]], [[Sony Xperia S]], and [[HTC One X]].<ref name="761p9"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Sony Xperia S review: NXT of kin |url=https://www.gsmarena.com/sony_xperia_s-review-741p6.php |website=GSMArena.com |page=6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=HTC One X review: eXtra special|url=https://www.gsmarena.com/htc_one_x-review-747.php|access-date=2021-04-02|website=GSMArena.com|language=en-US}}</ref> Apple implemented stereo audio starting with the 2018 [[iPhone Xs]] family and [[iPhone XR]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Apple iPhone XS review |url=https://www.gsmarena.com/apple_iphone_xs-review-1827p7.php |website=GSMArena.com |page=7}}</ref>

====Front cameras====
=====Photo=====
Emphasis is being put on the front camera since the mid-2010s, where front cameras have reached resolutions as high as typical rear cameras, such as the 2015 [[LG G4]] (8 megapixels), [[Sony Xperia C5 Ultra]] (13 megapixels), and 2016 [[Sony Xperia XA Ultra]] (16 megapixels, optically stabilized). The 2015 [[LG V10]] brought a dual front camera system where the second has a wider angle for group photography. Samsung implemented a front-camera sweep panorama (''panorama selfie'') feature since the [[Galaxy Note 4]] to extend the field of view.

=====Video=====
In 2012, the [[Galaxy S3]] and [[iPhone 5]] brought [[720p]] HD front video recording (at 30 fps). In early 2013, the [[Samsung Galaxy S4]], [[HTC One M7]] and [[Sony Xperia Z]] brought 1080p Full HD at that framerate, and in late 2014, the [[Galaxy Note 4]] introduced 1440p video recording on the front camera. Apple adapted [[1080p]] front camera video with the late 2016 [[iPhone 7]].

In 2019, smartphones started adapting [[2160p]] 4K video recording on the front camera, six years after rear camera 2160p commenced with the [[Galaxy Note 3]].

===Display advancements===
[[File:G7 power at Best Buy jeh.jpg|thumb|upright|A [[Moto G7|Moto G7 Power]]; its display uses a tall aspect ratio and includes a "notch".]]

In the early 2010s, larger smartphones with screen sizes of at least {{convert|5.5|inch|mm|order=flip|round=5}} diagonal, dubbed "[[phablet]]s", began to achieve popularity, with the 2011 [[Samsung Galaxy Note series]] gaining notably wide adoption.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.engadget.com/2011/12/29/1-million-galaxy-notes-shipped-worldwide-us-fans-throw-money-at/|title=1 million Galaxy Notes shipped worldwide, US fans throw money at their screens |first=Mat |last=Smith |publisher=[[Engadget]] |date=December 29, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Samsung: 10M Galaxy Notes sold in nine months |url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-1035_3-57493718-94/samsung-10m-galaxy-notes-sold-in-nine-months/ |website=[[CNET]] |access-date=January 18, 2013}}</ref> In 2013, Huawei launched the [[Huawei Mate series]], sporting a {{convert|6.1|inch|mm|order=flip|round=5}} HD (1280 x 720) IPS+ LCD display, which was considered to be quite large at the time.<ref>[https://www.androidheadlines.com/2019/05/huawei-mate-flagships-history.html/amp History Of The Huawei Mate Flagships] 2 May 2019.</ref>

Some companies began to release smartphones in 2013 incorporating [[flexible display]]s to create curved form factors, such as the [[Samsung Galaxy Round]] and [[LG G Flex]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Samsung's Galaxy Round is the first phone with a curved display |url=https://www.theverge.com/2013/10/8/4818572/samsung-galaxy-round-curved-oled-smartphone-official |website=The Verge |date=October 8, 2013 |publisher=Vox Media |access-date=March 21, 2017}}</ref><ref name=engadget-gflexfcc>{{cite web |title=LG G Flex appears on the FCC with AT&T-friendly LTE |url=https://www.engadget.com/2013/11/15/lg-g-flex-att-lte/ |work=Engadget |date=November 15, 2013 |access-date=March 9, 2014}}</ref><ref name=engadget-gflexannounce>{{cite web |title=LG G Flex announced with vertically curved 6-inch 720p screen, 'self-repairing' back cover |url=https://www.engadget.com/2013/10/27/lg-g-flex/ |work=Engadget |date=October 28, 2013 |publisher=Verizon Media |access-date=March 9, 2014}}</ref>

By 2014, [[1440p]] displays began to appear on high-end smartphones.<ref>{{cite web |last=Dent |first=Steve |url=https://www.engadget.com/2014/02/18/do-you-really-need-a-4k-smartphone-screen/ |title=Do you really need a 4K smartphone screen? |date=February 18, 2014}}</ref> In 2015, Sony released the [[Xperia Z5 Premium]], featuring a [[4K resolution]] display, although only images and videos could actually be rendered at that resolution (all other software was shown at 1080p).<ref name="engadget-4k1080psony">{{cite web |title=Sony's 4K smartphone shows most content in 1080p |url=https://www.engadget.com/2015/09/15/sony-xperia-z5-premium-not-so-4k/ |website=Engadget |date=September 15, 2015 |access-date=March 21, 2017}}</ref>

New trends for smartphone displays began to emerge in 2017, with both LG and Samsung releasing flagship smartphones ([[LG G6]] and [[Galaxy S8]]), utilizing displays with taller [[Display aspect ratio|aspect ratio]]s than the common [[16:9]] ratio, and a high screen-to-body ratio, also known as a "bezel-less design". These designs allow the display to have a larger diagonal measurement, but with a slimmer width than 16:9 displays with an equivalent screen size.<ref name="ndtv-lgg6">{{cite web |title=LG G6 With 5.7-Inch FullVision Display, Google Assistant Launched at MWC 2017 |url=http://gadgets.ndtv.com/mobiles/news/lg-g6-launched-at-mwc-2017-price-release-date-specifications-and-more-1663697 |website=Gadgets360 |date=February 26, 2017 |publisher=NDTV |access-date=February 26, 2017}}</ref><ref name="verge-g6unveil">{{cite web |title=The LG G6 is sleek, solid, and surprisingly sensible |url=https://www.theverge.com/circuitbreaker/2017/2/26/14741886/lg-g6-announced-specs-features-mwc-2017 |website=The Verge |date=February 26, 2017 |publisher=Vox Media |access-date=February 26, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/3/29/15087530/samsung-galaxy-s8-announced-features-release-date-video-specifications |title=This is the Samsung Galaxy S8, coming April 21st |work=The Verge |access-date=October 4, 2018}}</ref>
Another trend popularized in 2017 were displays containing tab-like cut-outs at the top-centre—colloquially known as a "notch"—to contain the front-facing camera, and sometimes other sensors typically located along the top bezel of a device.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.livemint.com/Technology/YFHDoI8YuK4SkZqViPN4VN/Why-do-Android-phones-want-a-notch.html |title=Why do Android phones want a notch? |last=Mathur |first=Vishal |date=April 29, 2018 |work=Livemint |access-date=October 4, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.pcworld.com/article/3293447/android/android-phone-notch-requirements.html |title=Google thankfully bans Android phones with three notches or other exotic configurations |work=PCWorld |access-date=October 4, 2018}}</ref> These designs allow for "edge-to-edge" displays that take up nearly the entire height of the device, with little to no bezel along the top, and sometimes a minimal bottom bezel as well. This design characteristic appeared almost simultaneously on the Sharp Aquos S2 and the [[Essential Phone]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.phonearena.com/news/First-notch-phone-Sharp-not-Essential_id105608 |title=What was the first phone with a notch? Answer may surprise you |last=Petrov |first=Daniel |work=Phone Arena |access-date=October 4, 2018}}</ref> which featured small circular tabs for their cameras, followed just a month later by the [[iPhone X]], which used a wider tab to contain a camera and facial scanning system known as [[Face ID]].<ref>{{cite web |first=Samuel |last=Axon |title=How app developers and designers feel about the iPhone X—and the notch |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2017/11/how-devs-updated-their-apps-for-the-iphone-xs-screen-and-the-notch/2/ |website=[[Ars Technica]] |publisher=[[Condé Nast]] |date=November 25, 2017 |access-date=December 4, 2017}}</ref> The 2016 [[LG V10]] had a precursor to the concept, with a portion of the screen wrapped around the camera area in the top-left corner, and the resulting area marketed as a "second" display that could be used for various supplemental features.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.techradar.com/news/cut-it-out-a-brief-history-of-the-smartphone-notch|title=Cut it out: how the smartphone notch became 'a thing'|first=Andrew|last=Williams|date=2018-11-14|website=TechRadar|language=en|access-date=2020-02-25}}</ref>

[[File:SamsungGalaxyS20plus5G128G2020SMG9860TaiwanFrontReady20200910.jpg|thumb|upright|A [[Samsung Galaxy S20 Plus]], featuring a "hole-punch" camera]]

Other variations of the practice later emerged, such as a "[[Hole punch|hole-punch]]" camera (such as those of the [[Honor (brand)|Honor]] View 20, and Samsung's [[Samsung Galaxy A8s|Galaxy A8s]] and [[Galaxy S10]])—eschewing the tabbed "notch" for a circular or rounded-rectangular cut-out within the screen instead,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pocket-lint.com/phones/news/146822-hole-punch-camera-vs-notch-vs-slider-honor-samsung|title=Is the hole-punch camera here to stay? We look at the pros and cons of the front camera design|date=2020-02-11|website=Pocket-lint|language=en-gb|access-date=2020-02-25}}</ref> while [[Oppo]] released the first "all-screen" phones with no notches at all,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/reviews/oppo-find-x-review/|title=Oppo Find X review: Sexier and more innovative than the Galaxy S9|last=Low|first=Aloysius|date=August 20, 2019|website=CNET|access-date=February 26, 2020}}</ref> including one with a mechanical front camera that pops up from the top of the device ([[Oppo Find X|Find X]]),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/circuitbreaker/2018/6/19/17476338/oppo-find-x-phone-announcement-specs-price|title=Oppo's Find X ditches the notch for pop-up cameras|last=Seifert|first=Dan|date=2018-06-19|website=The Verge|language=en|access-date=2020-02-25}}</ref> and a 2019 prototype for a front-facing camera that can be embedded and hidden below the display, using a special partially-translucent screen structure that allows light to reach the [[image sensor]] below the panel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/6/26/18759380/under-display-selfie-camera-first-oppo-announcement|title=Oppo unveils the world's first under-screen selfie camera|last=Byford|first=Sam|date=2019-06-26|website=The Verge|language=en|access-date=2020-02-25}}</ref> The first implementation was the [[ZTE]] Axon 20 5G, with a 32 MP sensor manufactured by Visionox.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/8/19/21376546/zte-smartphone-under-display-camera-axon-20-5g-renders-images|title=Here's your best look yet at ZTE's first smartphone with an under-display camera|work=[[The Verge]]|last=Peters|first=Jay|date=19 August 2020|access-date=1 September 2020}}</ref>

Displays supporting [[refresh rate]]s higher than 60&nbsp;Hz (such as 90&nbsp;Hz or 120&nbsp;Hz) also began to appear on smartphones in 2017; initially confined to "gaming" smartphones such as the [[Razer Phone]] (2017) and [[ROG Phone|Asus ROG Phone]] (2018), they later became more common on flagship phones such as the [[Pixel 4]] (2019) and [[Samsung Galaxy S21|Samsung Galaxy S21 series]] (2021). Higher refresh rates allow for smoother motion and lower input latency, but often at the cost of battery life. As such, the device may offer a means to disable high refresh rates, or be configured to automatically reduce the refresh rate when there is low on-screen motion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/refresh-rate-smartphone-screen-explainer/|title=What does a 90Hz or 120Hz refresh rate mean for your smartphone screen?|work=[[Digital Trends]]|last=Jansen|first=Mark|date=19 July 2020|access-date=23 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Savov|first=Vlad|date=2018-06-07|title=Android gaming phones have a lot of growing up to do|url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/6/7/17436168/android-gaming-rog-phone-computex-2018|access-date=2021-05-26|website=The Verge|language=en}}</ref>

====Multi-tasking====
An early implementation of multiple simultaneous tasks on a smartphone display are the [[picture-in-picture]] video playback mode ("pop-up play") and "live video list" with playing video thumbnails of the 2012 [[Samsung Galaxy S3]], the former of which was later delivered to the 2011 [[Samsung Galaxy Note]] through a software update.<ref>{{cite news |title=Samsung I9300 Galaxy S III review: S to the third |url=https://www.gsmarena.com/samsung_i9300_galaxy_s_iii-review-761p8.php |website=GSMArena.com |access-date=29 May 2021 |page=8 |date=2012-05-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=N7000UBLS4 – Galaxy Note Android 4.1.2 Jelly Bean TEST firmware From Tel Cel Mexico |url=https://www.sammobile.com/2012/12/13/n7000bls4tce-%E2%80%93-galaxy-note-android-4-1-2-jelly-bean-test-firmware/ |website=SamMobile |date=2013-02-17}}</ref> Later that year, a [[Split screen (computing)|split-screen]] mode was implemented on the [[Galaxy Note 2]], later retrofitted on the Galaxy S3 through the "premium suite upgrade".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Reisinger |first1=Don |title=Samsung's Galaxy S3 to get Premium Suite upgrade |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/samsungs-galaxy-s3-to-get-premium-suite-upgrade/ |website=CNET |language=en |date=2012-12-07}}</ref>

The earliest implementation of [[Window (computing)|desktop and laptop-like windowing]] was on the 2013 [[Samsung Galaxy Note 3]].<ref>{{cite web |last1= |title=Samsung Galaxy Note 3 User Guide |url=https://www.tomsguide.com/us/samsung-galaxy-note-3-guide,review-2906-3.html |website=Tom's Guide |language=en |date=2013-09-07}}</ref>

===Foldable smartphones===
{{main|Foldable smartphone}}

Smartphones utilizing [[Rollable display|flexible displays]] were theorized as possible once manufacturing costs and production processes were feasible.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.smh.com.au/technology/bendable-smartphones-arent-coming-anytime-soon-20131213-2zbtq.html|title=Bendable smartphones aren't coming anytime soon|last=King|first=Ian|date=2013-12-15|website=The Sydney Morning Herald|access-date=2019-02-05}}</ref> In November 2018, the startup company Royole unveiled the first commercially available [[foldable smartphone]], the Royole FlexPai. Also that month, Samsung presented a prototype phone featuring an "Infinity Flex Display" at its developers conference, with a smaller, outer display on its "cover", and a larger, tablet-sized display when opened. Samsung stated that it also had to develop a new polymer material to coat the display as opposed to glass.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/11/8/18074838/samsung-foldable-phone-infinity-flex-display-technology-report|title=The foldable phones are coming|last=Warren|first=Tom|date=2018-11-08|website=The Verge|access-date=2019-02-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/circuitbreaker/2018/11/5/18067116/royole-flexpai-flexible-display-foldable-smartphone-tablet-pricing-features-release-date|title=We tried the world's first folding phone, and it actually works|last=Statt|first=Nick|date=2018-11-05|website=The Verge|access-date=2019-02-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/11/7/18072514/samsung-foldable-phone-screen-features-photos-sdc-2018|title=This is Samsung's foldable smartphone|last=Warren|first=Tom|date=2018-11-07|website=The Verge|access-date=2019-02-05}}</ref> Samsung officially announced the [[Samsung Galaxy Fold|Galaxy Fold]], based on the previously demonstrated prototype, in February 2019 for an originally-scheduled release in late-April.<ref name="ars-galaxyfold">{{Cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2019/02/samsungs-foldable-phone-is-finally-official-meet-the-galaxy-fold/|title=Samsung's foldable phone is finally official—meet the Galaxy Fold|last=Dunn|first=Jeff|date=2019-02-20|website=Ars Technica|language=en-us|access-date=2019-02-23}}</ref> Due to various durability issues with the display and hinge systems encountered by early reviewers, the release of the Galaxy Fold was delayed to September to allow for design changes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/9/5/20850693/samsung-galaxy-fold-hands-on-ifa-2019-fixed-display-hinge|title=How Samsung fixed the Galaxy Fold|last=Warren|first=Tom|date=2019-09-05|website=The Verge|language=en|access-date=2020-02-25}}</ref>

In November 2019, Motorola unveiled a variation of the concept with its re-imagining of the [[Motorola Razr (2020)|Razr]], using a horizontally-folding display to create a [[Clamshell design|clamshell]] form factor inspired by its previous [[Motorola Razr|feature phone range of the same name]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/11/13/20963294/motorola-razr-new-foldable-smartphone-android-hands-on-flip-phone-photos-video|title=Motorola resurrects the Razr as a foldable Android smartphone|last=Gartenberg|first=Chaim|date=2019-11-13|website=The Verge|language=en|access-date=2020-02-25}}</ref> Samsung would unveil a similar device known as the [[Galaxy Z Flip]] the following February.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dolcourt|first=Jessica|title=Samsung Galaxy Z Flip's foldable glass screen: Already more impressive than the Razr|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/samsung-galaxy-z-flips-foldable-glass-screen-already-more-impressive-than-razr/|access-date=2021-05-26|website=CNET|language=en}}</ref>

===Other developments in the 2010s===
The first smartphone with a [[fingerprint reader]] was the [[Motorola Atrix 4G]] in 2011.<ref name="Fingerprint Scanner On Phones: History & Evolution, But Do We Really Need That?">{{cite web|url=https://www.igadgetsworld.com/fingerprint-scanner-history-evolution-but-do-we-really-need-that/|title=Fingerprint Scanner On Phones: History & Evolution, But Do We Really Need That?|date=April 17, 2016|publisher=Web cusp|access-date=March 15, 2018|archive-date=July 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726202349/https://www.igadgetsworld.com/fingerprint-scanner-history-evolution-but-do-we-really-need-that/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In September 2013, the [[iPhone 5S]] was unveiled as the first smartphone on a major U.S. carrier since the Atrix to feature this technology.<ref name="The Verge announcement">{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2013/9/10/4715372/confirmed-apple-iphone-5s-will-include-touch-id-fingerprint-scanner|title=Apple's new iPhone will read your fingerprint|website=[[The Verge]]|first=Casey|last=Newton|date=September 10, 2013|access-date=September 11, 2013}}</ref> Once again, the iPhone popularized this concept. One of the barriers of fingerprint reading amongst consumers was security concerns, however [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] was able to address these concerns by encrypting this fingerprint data onto the A7 Processor located inside the phone as well as make sure this information could not be accessed by third-party applications and is not stored in iCloud or Apple servers<ref>{{cite web |title=Touch ID: Inside the fingerprint scanner on Apple's iPhone 5s |url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/mobiles/news/touch-id-inside-the-fingerprint-scanner-on-apples-iphone-5s-417141 |website=NDTV Gadgets 360 |date=September 11, 2013 |access-date=25 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2012, Samsung introduced the [[Galaxy S3]] (GT-i9300) with retrofittable [[wireless charging]], pop-up video playback, [[4G]]-[[LTE (telecommunication)|LTE]] variant (GT-i9305) [[quad-core]] processor.

In 2013, [[Fairphone]] launched its first ''"socially ethical"'' smartphone at the [[London Design Festival]] to address concerns regarding the sourcing of materials in the manufacturing<ref name="Fair">{{cite news|title=Why is Apple so shifty about how it makes the iPhone?|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/sep/23/apple-shifty-about-making-iphone?CMP=EMCNEWEML6619I2&et_cid=50104&et_rid=7107573&Linkid=http%3a%2f%2fwww.theguardian.com%2fcommentisfree%2f2013%2fsep%2f23%2fapple-shifty-about-making-iphone|access-date=September 24, 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|date=September 23, 2013|first=George|last=Monbiot}}</ref> followed by [[Shiftphone]] in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gruenderszene.de/allgemein/shiftphone-fairphone-deutschland-test|title=So gut ist das erste Fairphone aus Deutschland|last=Schröder|first=Horst|date=4 April 2016|website=www.gruenderszene.de|access-date=5 September 2018}}</ref> In late 2013, QSAlpha commenced production of a smartphone designed entirely around security, encryption and identity protection.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quasar IV Encrypted Ninja Smartphone Goes Into Production, Despite Indiegogo Failure|url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/10/09/quasar-iv-encrypted-ninja-smartphone-goes-into-production-despite-indiegogo-failure/?ncid=tcdaily|work=TechCrunch|publisher=Verizon Media|access-date=October 10, 2013|first=Darrell|last=Etherington|date=October 10, 2013}}</ref>

In October 2013, [[Motorola Mobility]] announced [[Project Ara]], a concept for a [[modular smartphone]] platform that would allow users to customize and upgrade their phones with add-on modules that attached magnetically to a frame.<ref>{{cite web|last=Byford|first=Sam|title=Motorola reveals ambitious plan to build modular smartphones|url=https://www.theverge.com/2013/10/29/5041336/motorola-project-ara-modular-smartphones|work=The Verge|publisher=Vox Media|access-date=29 October 2013|date=29 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Musil|first=Steven|title=Motorola unveils Project Ara for custom smartphones|url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-1035_3-57609735-94/motorola-unveils-project-ara-for-custom-smartphones/|work=CNET|publisher=CBS Interactive|access-date=29 October 2013|date=29 October 2013}}</ref> Ara was retained by Google following its sale of Motorola Mobility to [[Lenovo]],<ref name="wiredready">{{cite magazine|last1=Pierce|first1=David|title=Project Ara Lives: Google's Modular Phone Is Ready for You Now|url=https://www.wired.com/2016/05/project-ara-lives-googles-modular-phone-is-ready/|magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|access-date=20 May 2016}}</ref> but was shelved in 2016.<ref name="verge-cancelled">{{cite web|title=Google confirms the end of its modular Project Ara smartphone|url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/9/2/12775922/google-project-ara-modular-phone-suspended-confirm|website=The Verge|date=September 2, 2016|publisher=Vox Media|access-date=2 September 2016}}</ref> That year, LG and Motorola both unveiled smartphones featuring a limited form of modularity for accessories; the [[LG G5]] allowed accessories to be installed via the removal of its battery compartment,<ref name="ars-g5unveil">{{cite web|title=LG G5 hands-on—LG may have made the most innovative phone of MWC|url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2016/02/lg-g5-hands-on-lg-may-have-made-the-most-innovative-phone-of-mwc/|website=Ars Technica|date=February 21, 2016|access-date=21 February 2016}}</ref> while the [[Moto Z]] utilizes accessories attached magnetically to the rear of the device.<ref name="cnet-motoz">{{cite web|title= Motorola's new Moto Z ditches the headphone jack, adds hot-swapping magnetic modular accessories |url= http://www.cnet.com/products/motorola-moto-z/ |website= CNET |publisher=CBS Interactive |access-date= 9 June 2016}}</ref>

Microsoft, expanding upon the concept of Motorola's short-lived "Webtop", unveiled functionality for its [[Windows 10 Mobile|Windows 10 operating system for phones]] that allows supported devices to be [[Docking station|docked]] for use with a PC-styled [[desktop environment]].<ref name="time-msw10">{{cite magazine|title=Inside Microsoft's Plan to Unlock the Full Power of Your Phone|url=https://time.com/4121314/microsoft-continuum/|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=November 20, 2015 |access-date=21 March 2017}}</ref><ref name=verge-displaydock>{{cite web|last1=Miller|first1=Ross|title=Microsoft's new Display Dock transforms your Windows 10 mobile into a PC|url=https://www.theverge.com/2015/10/6/9453577/microsoft-display-dock-announced-price-release-date-continuum|website=[[The Verge]]|date=October 6, 2015|publisher=[[Vox Media]]|access-date=October 6, 2015}}</ref>

Samsung and LG used to be the ''"last standing"'' manufacturers to offer flagship devices with user-replaceable batteries.
But in 2015, Samsung succumbed to the [[minimalism]] trend set by Apple, introducing the [[Galaxy S6]] without a user-replaceable battery.
In addition, Samsung was criticised for pruning long-standing features such as [[Mobile High-Definition Link|MHL]], Micro[[USB 3.0]], [[Waterproofing|water resistance]] and [[MicroSD]] card support, of which the latter two came back in 2016 with the [[Galaxy S7]] and S7 Edge.

{{As of|2015}}, the global [[median]] for smartphone ownership was 43%.<ref>{{cite news|title=This map shows the percentage of people around the world who own smartphones|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/how-many-people-own-smartphones-around-the-world-2016-2?IR=T|work=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref> [[Statista]] forecast that 2.87 billion people would own smartphones in 2020.<ref>{{cite web|title=Number of smartphone users worldwide 2014-2020 {{!}} Statista|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/330695/number-of-smartphone-users-worldwide/|website=Statista|access-date=23 May 2017}}</ref>

Within the same decade, rapid deployment of LTE cellular network and general availability of smartphones have increased popularity of the [[streaming television]] services, and the corresponding [[Mobile television|mobile TV]] apps.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-08-26 |title=In 4G era, app, video streaming experience key for brand loyalty: Report |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/in-4g-era-app-video-streaming-experience-key-for-brand-loyalty-report/article9035994.ece |access-date=2023-01-20 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref>

Major technologies that began to trend in 2016 included a focus on [[virtual reality]] and [[augmented reality]] experiences catered towards smartphones, the newly introduced [[USB-C]] connector, and improving LTE technologies.<ref name="pcw-2016trends">{{cite web|title=7 exciting smartphone trends to watch in 2016: VR, super-fast LTE, and more|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/3030317/phones/7-smartphone-trends-to-watch-this-year.html|website=PC World|date=February 5, 2016|access-date=21 March 2017}}</ref>

In 2016, adjustable [[screen resolution]] known from desktop operating systems was introduced to smartphones for power saving, whereas variable screen [[refresh rate]]s were popularized in 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=Galaxy Note 7 power saving mode lowers resolution to save battery |url=https://www.slashgear.com/galaxy-note-7-power-saving-mode-lowers-resolution-to-save-battery-03450613/ |website=SlashGear |access-date=31 October 2021 |date=3 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Samsung's adaptive refresh rate tech could be coming to a phone near you |url=https://www.androidauthority.com/samsung-display-adaptive-refresh-rate-1146678/ |website=Android Authority |access-date=31 October 2021 |date=11 August 2020}}</ref>

In 2018, the first smartphones featuring fingerprint readers embedded within [[OLED]] displays were announced, followed in 2019 by an implementation using an ultrasonic sensor on the [[Samsung Galaxy S10]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theverge.com/circuitbreaker/2018/1/9/16867536/vivo-fingerprint-reader-integrated-display-biometric-ces-2018|title=I tried the first phone with an in-display fingerprint sensor|work=The Verge|access-date=2018-10-04}}</ref><ref name="verge-s10unveil">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/2/20/18232248/samsung-galaxy-s10-plus-camera-price-release-date-features-size-photos-hands-on-video|title=Samsung officially announces the Galaxy S10 and S10 Plus, starting at $899|last=Seifert|first=Dan|date=2019-02-20|website=The Verge|access-date=2019-02-20}}</ref>

In 2019, the majority of smartphones released have more than one camera, are waterproof with IP67 and IP68 ratings, and unlock using facial recognition or fingerprint scanners.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telcoworld.com.au/news-blog/seven-new-smartphone-features-for-2019/|title=Seven New Smartphone Features For 2019 - TelcoWorld Corp. Melbourne Mobile Phone Repairs}}</ref>

[[File:Smartphone camera controls popularized by iOS 7 (added width).svg|thumb|This layout of the camera viewfinder was first introduced by Apple with iOS 7 in 2013. Towards the late 2010s, several other smartphone vendors have ditched their layouts and implemented variations of this layout.]]

Designs first implemented by Apple have been replicated by other vendors several times. These include a sealed body that does not allow replacing the battery, a lack of the physical audio connector (since the iPhone 7 from 2016), a screen with a cut-out area at the top for the earphone and front-facing camera and sensors (colloquially known as "notch"; since the iPhone X from 2017), the exclusion of a charging wall adapter from the scope of delivery (since the iPhone 12 from 2019), and a camera user interface with circular and usually solid-colour shutter button and a camera mode selector using perpendicular text and separate camera modes for photo and video (since iOS 7 from 2013).<ref>{{cite web |title=Samsung is hiding its ads that made fun of Apple's removal of headphone jack |url=https://www.androidauthority.com/samsung-headphone-jack-ads-1017246/ |website=Android Authority |access-date=17 October 2022 |language=en |date=8 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Smith |first1=Dave |title=Apple's iPhone X introduced the 'notch' trend 2 years ago. Now, smartphone makers are trying to kill it once and for all. |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/apple-vs-the-notch-asus-oppo-xiaomi-smartphone-makers-2019-6?op=1 |website=Business Insider |access-date=17 October 2022 |date=2019-06-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Rosenberg |first1=Adam |title=Xiaomi ditches chargers for the Mi 11 after mocking Apple's similar move |url=https://mashable.com/article/xiaomi-ditches-charger-brick-after-mocking-apple |website=Mashable |access-date=17 October 2022 |language=en |date=26 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Xiaomi Removes Charger From Box After Mocking Apple For It |url=https://www.ndtv.com/offbeat/xiaomi-removes-charger-from-box-after-mocking-apple-for-it-2344556 |website=NDTV.com |access-date=17 October 2022 |date=2020-12-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Robbins |first1=Ebenezer |title=After Apple, Xiaomi and Samsung: The next mobile manufacturer falls apart |url=https://www.techgamingreport.com/after-apple-xiaomi-and-samsung-the-next-mobile-manufacturer-falls-apart/ |website=Tech Gaming Report |access-date=17 October 2022 |date=11 September 2022}}</ref><ref>c. f. camera software of Samsung since the Galaxy S10, of Huawei since the P20, of LG since the G8, since the OnePlus 6, of Xiaomi since Redmi Note 5, and of UleFone smartphones released since at least 2017 (as of 2022).</ref>

===Other developments in the 2020s===
In 2020, the first smartphones featuring high-speed [[5G]] network capability were announced.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Alspach |first1=Kyle |title=10 Mobile Trends To Watch Out For In 2020 |url=https://www.crn.com/news/mobility/10-mobile-trends-to-watch-out-for-in-2020 |website=CRN |access-date=10 February 2021 |date=17 October 2019}}</ref>

Since 2020, smartphones have decreasingly been shipped with rudimentary accessories like a [[power adapter]] and [[headphones]] that have historically been almost invariably within the scope of delivery. This trend was initiated with Apple's [[IPhone 12#EarPods and power adapter controversy|iPhone 12]], followed by Samsung and Xiaomi on the [[Samsung Galaxy S21#Reception|Galaxy S21]] and [[Xiaomi Mi 11|Mi 11]] respectively, months after having [[mockery|mocked]] the same through advertisements. The reason cited is reducing environmental footprint, though reaching raised charging rates supported by newer models demands a new charger shipped through separate packaging with its own environmental footprint.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tranate |first1=Jess |title=Samsung, Xiaomi Remove Charger From Smartphones After Mocking Apple |url=https://www.hngn.com/articles/233701/20201228/samsung-xiaomi-remove-charger-smartphones-mocking-apple.htm |website=HNGN - Headlines & Global News |access-date=27 September 2021 |language=en |date=28 December 2020}}</ref>

[[File:Librem5 phone convergence - screen keyboard mouse.jpg|thumb|Mobile/desktop convergence: the [[Librem 5]] smartphone can be used as a basic desktop computer]]
With the development of the [[PinePhone]] and [[Librem 5]] in the 2020s, there are intensified<!-- unprecedented and successful--> efforts to make open source [[Linux for mobile devices|GNU/Linux for smartphones]] a major alternative to [[iOS]] and Android.<ref>{{cite news |title=The $149 Smartphone That Could Bring The Linux Mobile Ecosystem to Life |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/the-dollar149-smartphone-that-could-bring-the-linux-mobile-ecosystem-to-life/ |access-date=30 January 2022 |work=Vice |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Vaughan-Nichols |first1=Steven |title=PinePhone KDE Linux phone is getting ready for pre-orders |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/pinephone-kde-linux-phone-is-getting-ready-for-pre-orders/ |access-date=30 January 2022 |work=ZDNet |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Amadeo |first1=Ron |title=Purism's Librem 5 phone starts shipping—a fully open GNU/Linux phone |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2019/09/purisms-librem-5-phone-starts-shipping-a-fully-open-gnulinux-phone/ |access-date=30 January 2022 |work=Ars Technica |date=26 September 2019 |language=en-us}}</ref> Moreover, associated software enabled <!--unique -->[[Technological convergence#Cellphones|convergence]] (beyond convergent<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nestor |first1=Marius |title=Maui Project Wants to Bring Convergent Apps to Linux Desktops and Android |url=https://9to5linux.com/maui-project-convergent-apps-linux-and-android |access-date=30 January 2022 |work=9to5Linux |date=16 February 2020}}</ref> and [[Mobile app#Hybrid app|hybrid]] apps) by allowing the smartphones to be used like a desktop computer when connected to a keyboard, mouse and monitor.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jose |first1=Manuel |title=Purism: A Linux OS is talking Convergence again |url=https://www.techdrivein.com/2019/03/purism-linux-os-convergence.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Larabel |first1=Michael |title=Purism's PureOS Proclaims Convergence Success For Mobile & Desktop Support - Phoronix |url=https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=PureOS-Convergence |website=Phoronix}}</ref><ref name="maui">{{cite news |last1=Crume |first1=Jacob |title=Maui Shell is Here, Ushering in a New Era of Desktop Linux |url=https://news.itsfoss.com/maui-shell-unveiled/ |access-date=16 January 2022 |work=It's FOSS – News |date=30 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Hamner |first1=David |title=Desktop and Phone Convergence |url=https://puri.sm/posts/desktop-and-phone-convergence/ |website=Purism |access-date=30 January 2022 |date=29 September 2020}}</ref>

In the early 2020s, manufacturers began to integrate [[Satellite phone|satellite connectivity]] into smartphone devices for use in remote areas, where local terrestrial communication infrastructures, such as [[landline]] and [[Cellular network|cellular]] networks, are not available. Due to the antenna limitations in the conventional phones, in the early stages of implementation satellite connectivity would be limited to the [[Satellite phone#Integration into conventional mobile phones|satellite messaging]] and satellite emergency services.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Qualcomm's Snapdragon Satellite will let Android phones text off the grid |url=https://www.engadget.com/qualcomm-snapdragon-satellite-messaging-android-211037007.html |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=Engadget |date=January 5, 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-26 |title=The problems with Elon Musk's satellite phone plan |url=https://qz.com/the-problems-with-elon-musks-satellite-phone-plan-1849462167 |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=Quartz |language=en}}</ref>