Editing Social model of disability (section)

==History==

=== Disability rights movement ===
There is a hint from before the 1970s that the interaction between disability and society was beginning to be considered. British politician and disability rights campaigner [[Alf Morris]] wrote in 1969 (emphasis added):<ref>{{Cite book |first1=Alfred |last1=Morris |first2=Arthur |last2=Butler |title=No Feet to Drag - Report on the Disabled |publisher=Sidgwick & Jackson |year=1972 |isbn=978-0-283-97867-8 |location=London |pages=9–10 }}</ref>{{blockquote|When the title of my Bill was announced, I was frequently asked what kind of improvements for the chronically sick and disabled I had in mind. It always seemed best to begin with the problems of access. I explained that I wanted to remove the ''severe and gratuitous social handicaps inflicted on disabled people'', and often on their families and friends, not just by their exclusion from town and county halls, art galleries, libraries and many of the universities, but even from pubs, restaurants, theatres, cinemas and other places of entertainment ... I explained that I and my friends were concerned to stop society from treating disabled people as if they were a separate species.}}The history of the social model of disability begins with the history of the [[disability rights movement]]. Around 1970, various groups in [[North America]], including [[List of sociologists|sociologists]], disabled people, and disability-focused [[Political organisation|political groups]], began to pull away from the accepted medical lens of viewing disability. Instead, they began to discuss things like [[oppression]], [[Civil and political rights|civil rights]], and [[accessibility]]. This change in [[discourse]] resulted in conceptualizations of disability that was rooted in social constructs.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last1=Oliver |first1=Mike |date=October 2013 |title=The social model of disability: thirty years on |journal=Disability & Society |volume=28 |issue=7 |pages=1024–1026 |doi=10.1080/09687599.2013.818773 |s2cid=145557887}}</ref>

In 1975, the UK organization [[Union of the Physically Impaired Against Segregation]] (UPIAS)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Baldwinson |first=Tony |title=UPIAS - The Union of the Physically Impaired Against Segregation (1972-1990) : a public record from private files |date=2019 |publisher=TBR Imprint |isbn=978-1-913148-01-0 |oclc=1099943533 }}{{page needed|date=October 2020}}</ref> claimed: "In our view it is society which disables physically impaired people. Disability is something imposed on top of our impairments by the way we are unnecessarily isolated and excluded from full participation in society."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.leeds.ac.uk/disability-studies/archiveuk/UPIAS/fundamental%20principles.pdf |title=THE UNION OF THE PHYSICALLY IMPAIRED AGAINST SEGREGATION and THE DISABILITY ALLIANCE discuss Fundamental Principles of Disability |publisher=[[UPIAS]] |access-date=2010-10-23 |archive-date=23 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923050911/http://www.leeds.ac.uk/disability-studies/archiveuk/UPIAS/fundamental |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.leeds.ac.uk/disability-studies/archiveuk/finkelstein/UPIAS%20Principles%202.pdf |title=Fundamental Principles of Disability - Comments on the discussion held between the Union and the Disability Alliance on 22nd November, 1975 |publisher=[[UPIAS]] |access-date=2010-10-23 |archive-date=27 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927020649/http://www.leeds.ac.uk/disability-studies/archiveuk/finkelstein/UPIAS |url-status=live }}</ref> This became known as the social interpretation, or social definition, of disability.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hunt |first=Judy |title=No limits : the disabled people's movement : a radical history |publisher=TBR Imprint |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-913148-02-7 |location=Manchester |page=107 |oclc=1108503896 }}</ref>

=== Mike Oliver ===
Following the UPIAS "social definition of disability", in 1983 the disabled academic [[Mike Oliver (disability advocate)|Mike Oliver]] coined the phrase ''social model of disability'' in reference to these ideological developments.<ref name="OliverSapey2006">{{cite book|author1=Michael Oliver|author2=Bob Sapey|title=Social work with disabled people|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qqiUQgAACAAJ|year=2006|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-4039-1838-3|access-date=4 November 2016|archive-date=19 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719160032/https://books.google.com/books?id=qqiUQgAACAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Oliver focused on the idea of an individual model (of which the medical was a part) versus a social model, derived from the distinction originally made between impairment and disability by the UPIAS.<ref name="OliverSapey2006"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.leeds.ac.uk/disability-studies/archiveuk/Oliver/in%20soc%20dis.pdf |first=Mike | last=Oliver |title=The individual and social models of disability |publisher=leeds.ac.uk |date=23 July 1990 |access-date=2012-11-10 |archive-date=18 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191118155527/https://disability-studies.leeds.ac.uk/library/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Oliver's seminal 1990 book ''The Politics of Disablement''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Oliver |first1=Michael |title=The Politics of Disablement |date=1990 |publisher=Macmillan Education |location=London |isbn=9780333432938}}</ref> is widely cited as a major moment in the adoption of this model. The book included just three pages about the social model of disability.<ref name=":0" />

=== Developments ===
The "social model" was extended and developed by academics and activists in Australia, the UK, the US, and other countries to include all disabled people, including those who have [[learning disabilities]], [[intellectually disabled |intellectual disabilities]], or emotional, mental health or behavioural problems.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://old.bfi.org.uk/education/teaching/disability/thinking/medical.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120803101331/http://old.bfi.org.uk/education/teaching/disability/thinking/medical.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-08-03 |title=Disabling Imagery? &#124; Ways of thinking about disability: 'Medical Model' vs 'Social Model' &#124; Learning resources&#124; BFI |website=Old.bfi.org.uk |date=2010-03-22 |access-date=2016-01-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Goodley|first=Dan|title='Learning Difficulties', the Social Model of Disability and Impairment: Challenging epistemologies|journal=Disability & Society|date=1 March 2001|volume=16|issue=2|pages=207–231|doi=10.1080/09687590120035816|s2cid=143447725}}</ref>