Editing Social network analysis (section)

==History==
Social network analysis has its theoretical roots in the work of early sociologists such as [[Georg Simmel]] and [[Émile Durkheim]], who wrote about the importance of studying patterns of relationships that connect social actors. Social scientists have used the concept of "[[social networks]]" since early in the 20th century to connote complex sets of relationships between members of social systems at all scales, from interpersonal to international.<ref name="Freeman"/>

In the 1930s [[Jacob Moreno]] and [[Helen Hall Jennings|Helen Jennings]] introduced basic analytical methods.<ref name="Freeman">{{cite book |last1=Freeman |first1=Linton C |title=The development of social network analysis: a study in the sociology of science |date=2004 |publisher=Empirical Press; BookSurge |isbn=978-1-59457-714-7 |oclc=429594334 }}{{page needed|date=November 2021}}</ref> In 1954, [[John Arundel Barnes]] started using the term systematically to denote patterns of ties, encompassing concepts traditionally used by the public and those used by social scientists: bounded [[Group (sociology)|groups]] (e.g., tribes, families) and social [[Categorization|categories]] (e.g., gender, ethnicity).

Starting in the 1970s, scholars such as [[Ronald Burt]], [[Kathleen Carley]], [[Mark Granovetter]], [[David Krackhardt]], [[Edward Laumann]], [[Anatol Rapoport#Social network analysis|Anatol Rapoport]], [[Barry Wellman]], [[Douglas R. White]], and [[Harrison White]] expanded the use of systematic social network analysis.<ref name="development"/>

Beginning in the late 1990s, social network analysis experienced a further resurgence with work by sociologists, political scientists, economists, computer scientists, and physicists such as [[Duncan J. Watts]], [[Albert-László Barabási]], [[Peter Bearman]], [[Nicholas A. Christakis]], [[James H. Fowler]], [[Mark Newman]], [[Matthew O. Jackson|Matthew Jackson]], [[Jon Kleinberg]], and others, developing and applying new models and methods, prompted in part by the emergence of new data available about online social networks as well as "digital traces" regarding face-to-face networks.

Computational SNA has been extensively used in research on study-abroad second language acquisition.<ref name = Paradowskietal2022>{{cite journal |last1= Paradowski |first1=Michał B. |last2=Cierpich-Kozieł |first2=Agnieszka |last3=Chen |first3=Chih-Chun |last4=Ochab |first4=Jeremi K. |title=How output outweighs input and interlocutors matter for study-abroad SLA: Computational Social Network Analysis of learner interactions |journal=The Modern Language Journal |date=2022 |volume=106 |issue=4 |pages=694–725 |doi=10.1111/modl.12811|s2cid=255247273 |url=https://doi.org/10.1111/modl.12811}}</ref><ref name = Paradowskietal2024>{{cite journal |last1= Paradowski |first1=Michał B. |last2=Whitby |first2=Nicole |last3=Czuba |first3=Michał |last4=Bródka |first4=Piotr |title=Peer interaction dynamics and L2 learning trajectories during study abroad: A longitudinal investigation using dynamic computational Social Network Analysis |journal=Language Learning |date=2024 |volume=74 |issue=S2 |pages=58–115 |doi=10.1111/lang.12681|doi-access=free }}</ref> Even in the study of literature, network analysis has been applied by Anheier, Gerhards and Romo,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Anheier |first1=Helmut K. |last2=Gerhards |first2=Jurgen |last3=Romo |first3=Frank P. |title=Forms of Capital and Social Structure in Cultural Fields: Examining Bourdieu's Social Topography |journal=American Journal of Sociology |date=January 1995 |volume=100 |issue=4 |pages=859–903 |doi=10.1086/230603 |s2cid=143587142 }}</ref> Wouter De Nooy,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=de Nooy |first1=Wouter |title=Fields and networks: correspondence analysis and social network analysis in the framework of field theory |journal=Poetics |date=October 2003 |volume=31 |issue=5–6 |pages=305–327 |doi=10.1016/s0304-422x(03)00035-4 }}</ref> and Burgert Senekal.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Senekal |first1=Burgert |title=Die Afrikaanse literêre sisteem : 'n eksperimentele benadering met behulp van Sosiale-netwerk-analise (SNA) : geesteswetenskappe |trans-title=The Afrikaans literary system: an experimental approach using Social Network Analysis (SNA): humanities |language=Afrikaans |journal=Litnet Akademies |date=1 December 2012 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=614–638  |hdl=10520/EJC129817 }}</ref> Indeed, social network analysis has found applications in various academic disciplines as well as practical contexts such as countering [[money laundering]] and [[terrorism]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}