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Somatic cell
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==Evolution== As [[multicellularity]] was theorized to be evolved many times,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Grosberg |first=Richard K. |last2=Strathmann |first2=Richard R. |date=2007-12-01 |title=The Evolution of Multicellularity: A Minor Major Transition? |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102403.114735 |journal=Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics |language=en |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=621β654 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102403.114735 |issn=1543-592X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> so did sterile somatic cells.{{CN|date=August 2020}} The evolution of an immortal [[germline]] producing specialized somatic cells involved the emergence of [[Death#In biology|mortality]], and can be viewed in its simplest version in [[Volvocales|volvocine]] algae.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hallmann A |date=June 2011 |title=Evolution of reproductive development in the volvocine algae |journal=Sexual Plant Reproduction |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=97β112 |doi=10.1007/s00497-010-0158-4 |pmc=3098969 |pmid=21174128}}</ref> Those species with a separation between sterile somatic cells and a germline are called [[Weismann barrier|Weismannists]]. Weismannist development is relatively rare (e.g., [[vertebrate]]s, [[arthropod]]s, ''[[Volvox]]''), as many species have the capacity for [[somatic embryogenesis]] (e.g., [[land plant]]s, most [[algae]], and numerous [[invertebrates]]).<ref>Ridley M (2004) Evolution, 3rd edition. Blackwell Publishing, p. 29-297.</ref><ref>Niklas, K. J. (2014) [https://web.archive.org/web/20170327213452/http://www.amjbot.org/content/101/1/6.long The evolutionary-developmental origins of multicellularity].</ref>
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