Editing Spaced repetition (section)

== History ==
The method of spaced repetition was first conceived of in the 1880s by German scientist [[Hermann Ebbinghaus]]. Ebbinghaus created the 'forgetting curve' - a graph portraying the loss of learned information over time -  and postulated that it can be curbed by reviewing such information at several intervals over a period of time.<ref>{{cite web |last1=EditorialTeam |title=Why We Can't Remember What We Learn and What To Do About It |url=https://interactive.wharton.upenn.edu/learning-insights/why-we-cant-remember-what-we-learn-and-what-to-do-about-it/ |website=Wharton Interactive |publisher=Wharton |access-date=3 December 2023}}</ref>

It was also tested by [[Thomas Landauer]] and [[Robert A. Bjork]] in 1978; they gathered a group of psychology students, showing the students pictures of a certain individual followed by that individual's name. This is also known as a face-name association. With the repetition of seeing the person's name and face they were able to associate the name and face of that individual shown with the expansion of time due to the spaced repetition.<ref name=Oren-2014 />

Schacter, Rich, and Stampp in 1985 expanded the research to include people who have [[amnesia]] and other memory disorders. The findings showed that using spaced repetition can not only help students with name face association but patients dealing with memory impairments.<ref name=Hawley-2008 />

In 1989, C.&nbsp;J. Camp decided that using this technique with Alzheimer's patients may increase their duration of remembering particular things.<ref name=Oren-2014 /> These results show that the expansion of the time interval shows the strongest benefits for memory.<ref name=Hawley-2008>Hawley, K. S., Cherry, K. E., Boudreaux, E. O., & Jackson, E. M. (2008). A comparison of adjusted spaced repetition versus a uniform expanded repetition schedule for learning a name-face association in older adults with probable Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Clinical & Experimental Neuropsychology, 30(6), 639–649. {{doi|10.1080/13803390701595495}}.</ref>

Spaced repetition is a method where the subject is asked to remember a certain fact with the time intervals increasing each time the fact is presented or said. If the subject is able to recall the information correctly the time is doubled to further help them keep the information fresh in their mind to recall in the future. With this method, the patient is able to place the information in their long-term memory. If they are unable to remember the information they go back to the previous step and continue to practice to help make the technique lasting (Vance & Farr, 2007).<ref>{{Cite journal |date=September 2007 |title=Spaced Retrieval for Enhancing Memory: Implications for Nursing Practice and Research |url=https://journals.healio.com/doi/10.3928/00989134-20070901-08 |journal=Journal of Gerontological Nursing |language=en |volume=33 |issue=9 |pages=46–52 |doi=10.3928/00989134-20070901-08 |pmid=17900000 |issn=0098-9134 |last1=Vance |first1=D. E. |last2=Farr |first2=K. F. |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The expansion is done to ensure a high success level of recalling the information on the first time and increasing the time interval to make the information long-lasting to help keep the information always accessible in their mind.<ref name=Karpicke-2007 />
Throughout the development of spaced repetition, they have found that patients using this technique with [[dementia]] are able to recall the information weeks—even months—later. The technique has been successful in helping dementia patients remember particular objects' names, daily tasks, name face association, information about themselves, and many other facts and behaviors (Small, 2012).<ref name=Small-2012>{{cite journal |last1=Small |first1=Jeff A. |title=A new frontier in spaced retrieval memory training for persons with Alzheimer's disease |journal=Neuropsychological Rehabilitation |date=June 2012 |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=329–361 |doi=10.1080/09602011.2011.640468|pmid=22272562 |s2cid=13147220 }}</ref> Sufficient test evidence shows that spaced repetition is valuable in learning new information and recalling information from the past.<ref name=Hawley-2008 />

Small combines the works and findings of quite a few scientists to come up with five reasons why spaced repetition works: it helps show the relationship of routine memories, it shows the benefits of learning things with an expansion of time, it helps the patient with [[Alzheimer's disease|Alzheimer's]] dementia keep their brain active, it has a high success level with little to no errors, and the technique is meaningful for the patient to do and remember more thing)<ref name=Small-2012/> Joltin et al. (2003),<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Joltin |first1=Adena |last2=Camp |first2=Cameron J. |last3=McMahon |first3=Colleen M. |date=2003-01-01 |title=Spaced-retrieval over the telephone: An intervention for persons with dementia |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13284200410001707483 |journal=Clinical Psychologist |language=en |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=50–55 |doi=10.1080/13284200410001707483 |issn=1328-4207|url-access=subscription }}</ref> had a caregiver train a woman with Alzheimer's by giving her the name of her grandchild over the phone while asking her to associate with the picture of the grandchild posted on the refrigerator. After training, the woman was able to recall the name of her grandchild five days later.<ref name=Hawley-2008 />