Editing Spanish-based creole languages (section)

==Spanish creole languages==

===Bozal Spanish===
[[Bozal Spanish]] is a possibly extinct Spanish-based creole language that may have been a mixture of [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and [[Kongo language|Kikongo]], with [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] influences.{{sfn|Clements|2009|p=}}{{page missing|date=October 2024}} Attestation is insufficient to indicate whether Bozal Spanish was ever a single, coherent or stable language, or if the term merely referred to any idiolect of Spanish that included African elements.

Bozal Spanish was spoken by [[Atlantic slave trade|African slaves]] in the [[Spanish Caribbean]]{{sfn|Clements|2009|p=}}{{page missing|date=October 2024}} and other areas of [[South America|South]] and [[Central America]] from the 17th century up until its possible extinction at around 1850.{{sfn|Lipski|2007a|p=}}{{page missing|date=October 2024}} It's influenced the variety spoken in [[Chota, Ecuador|the Chota Valley]] in [[Ecuador]],{{sfnp|Lipski|1987}} and a Spanish-based creole is still spoken in the [[Bolivian Yungas]].{{sfn|Lipski|2007b|p=}}{{page missing|date=October 2024}}

===Chavacano===

'''[[Chavacano]]''' (also Chabacano) is a group of Spanish-based creole language varieties spoken in the [[Philippines]] that emerged during the 18th century following the colonization of the Spaniards in the Philippines. While Chavacano refers to a large number of varieties, there are three main varieties: Ternate, Manila/Cavite, and Zamboanga.Ternate and Manila/Cavite are Northern dialects from Manila Bay on Luzon Island, while Zamboanga is a Southern dialect from Mindanao Island; both of these dialects are genetically related. The variety found in Zamboanga City has the largest number of speakers and is considered to be the most stable while the other varieties are considered to be either endangered or extinct (i.e. Ermitaño).

Creole varieties are spoken in Cavite City and Ternate (both on Luzon); Zamboanga, Cotabato and Davao (on Mindanao), [[Isabela, Basilan|Isabela City]] and other parts of province of Basilan and elsewhere. According to a 2007 [[census]], there are 2,502,185 speakers in the Philippines. It is the major language of [[Zamboanga City]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}}

While the different varieties of Chavacano are mostly intelligible to one another, they differ slightly in certain aspects such as in the usage of certain words and certain grammatical syntax. Most of the vocabulary comes from [[Spanish language|Spanish]], while the [[grammar]] is mostly based on the Austronesian structure. In Zamboanga, its variant is used in [[primary education]], [[television]], and [[radio]]. Recently English and Filipino words have been infiltrating the language and [[code-switching]] between these three languages is common among younger speakers.

The name of the language stems from the Spanish word ''Chabacano'' which roughly means "tasteless", "common", or "vulgar", this Spanish word, however, has lost its original meaning and carries no negative connotation among contemporary speakers.{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}}

For more information see the article on [[Chavacano]], or the [[Ethnologue|Ethnologue Report]] on Chavacano.

===Palenquero===
[[File:Palenquero1.jpg|upright=0.9|thumb|right|Palenquero]]

'''[[Palenquero]]''' (also [[Palenque]]) is a Spanish-based creole spoken in [[Colombia]].

The ethnic group which speaks this creole consisted only of 2,500 people in 1989.

It is spoken in [[Colombia]], in the village of [[San Basilio de Palenque]] which is south and east of [[Cartagena, Colombia|Cartagena]], and in some neighborhoods of [[Barranquilla]].

The village was founded by fugitive slaves ([[maroon (slavery)|Maroon]]s) and [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]]. Since many slaves had been only slightly exposed to contact with European people, the ''palenqueros'' spoke creole languages derived from Spanish and from their ancestral African languages.

Spanish speakers are unable to understand Palenquero. There is some influence from the [[Kongo language]] of the [[Democratic Republic of Congo]]. In 1998, only 10% of the population younger than 25 spoke Palenquero. It is most commonly spoken by the elderly.

For more information see the [[Ethnologue|Ethnologue Report]] on Palenquero.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=pln |title=Palenquero |publisher=Ethnologue |date=1999-02-19 |access-date=2015-10-08}}</ref>