Editing Spanish Colonial Revival architecture (section)

==Development of style==

===Mediterranean Revival===
[[File:spanish-mission-style.jpg|thumb|Spanish Colonial Revival style in contemporary residence]]
[[File:Sede Banco Hipotecario.JPG|thumb|Secretary of Culture of [[Mendoza, Argentina]] (1929)]]
The antecedents of the Spanish Colonial Revival Style in the United States can be traced to the [[Mediterranean Revival architecture|Mediterranean Revival architectural]] style. In St. Augustine, Florida, a former Spanish colony, a winter playground was developing for wealthy people from northern cities in the United States. Three architects from New York City [[John Merven Carrère|John Carrère]] and [[Thomas Hastings (architect)|Thomas Hastings]] of [[Carrère and Hastings]] and [[Boston]]ian Franklin W. Smith, designed grand, elaborately detailed hotels in the Mediterranean Revival and [[:Category:Spanish Revival architecture|Spanish Revival]] styles in the 1880s. With the construction of the Ponce de Leon Hotel (designed by Carrère and Hastings, 1882), the Alcazar Hotel (Carrère and Hastings, 1887), and the [[Casa Monica Hotel]] (later the Hotel Cordova) built by Franklin W. Smith in 1888, Spanish-influenced architecture spread to several other parts of Florida. These three hotels were influenced not only by the centuries-old buildings remaining from the period [[St. Augustine, Florida#Spanish rule|Spanish rule in St. Augustine]] but also by ''The Old City House'', constructed in 1873 and still standing, an excellent example of early Spanish Colonial Revival architecture.

===Mission Revival===
The possibilities of the Spanish Colonial Revival Style were brought to the attention of architects attending late 19th and early 20th centuries international [[World's fair|expositions]]. For example, California's [[Mission Revival Style architecture|Mission Revival style]] Pavilion in white [[stucco]] at the [[World's Columbian Exposition]] of 1893 in [[Chicago]],<ref name="erbzine">{{cite web|url=http://www.erbzine.com/mag12/mw137h3.jpg|title=File: mw137h3.jpg, (364 × 216 px)|publisher=erbzine.com|access-date=2015-09-06}}</ref> and the [[The Mission Inn Hotel & Spa|Mission Inn]], along with the [[Electric Tower]] of the [[Pan-American Exposition]] in [[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]] in 1900<ref name="britannica">{{cite web|url=http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/83/79983-004-5084E319.jpg|date=2004-11-22|title=File: 79983-004-5084E319.jpg, (391 × 450 px)|publisher=media-2.web.britannica.com|access-date=2015-09-04}}</ref> introduced the potential of Spanish Colonial Revival. They also integrated [[portico]]es, [[pediment]]s and [[colonnade]]s influenced by [[Beaux-Arts architecture|Beaux Arts]] classicism as well.

===Florida===

[[File:Palm Beach Town Hall.jpg|thumb|[[Palm Beach Town Hall]] in [[Palm Beach, Florida]] (1925)]]
[[File:New Smyrna El Retiro01.jpg|thumb|[[El Real Retiro]] in [[New Smyrna Beach, Florida]] (1923)]]

By the early years of the 1910s, Florida was major center for Spanish Colonial Revival style in the United States. [[Frederick H. Trimble]]'s Farmer's Bank in [[Vero Beach, Florida|Vero Beach]], completed in 1914, is a fully mature early example of the style. The city of [[St. Cloud, Florida]], espoused the style both for homes and commercial structures and has a fine collection of subtle [[stucco]] buildings reminiscent of colonial Mexico. Many of these were designed by architectural partners [[Ida Annah Ryan]] and [[Isabel Roberts]].

One of the most significant examples of the emerging popularity of Spanish Colonial Revival in the United States at the time was is the architecture of [[Coral Gables, Florida]]. A [[planned city]] established in the 1920s, the city's architecture is almost entirely [[Mediterranean Revival architecture|Mediterranean Revival style]], mandated in the original plan. The city was developed by [[George E. Merrick]], a real estate developer from Pennsylvania, during the Florida land boom of the 1920s. The Coral Gables Congregational Church, donated by Merrick, and the Catholic Church of the Little Flower, were classic examples of the Spanish Renaissance style. 
Early in the city's planning and development, Merrick shared his vision for Coral Gables as "a most extraordinary opportunity for the building of 'Castles in Spain'. Merrick's success in executing this vision for the city would catch the attention of Spain's King, [[Alfonso XIII]], who awarded Merrick the Order of Isabella the Catholic for his support of Spanish culture in Coral Gables.

Several other cities in southern Florida showcased the Spanish Revival of the time, including Palm Beach. The [[Palm Beach Town Hall]], built in 1925 by [[Harvey and Clarke]], with renovations later made by several notable architects.

===California===
{{Unreferenced section|date=April 2025}}
[[File:Santa Barbara County Courthouse CA.jpg|thumb|[[Santa Barbara County Courthouse]] in [[Santa Barbara, California]] (1926)]]
[[File:Kelso railroad depot.jpg|thumb|[[Kelso Depot, Restaurant and Employees Hotel|Kelso Hotel and Depot]] in the [[Mojave Desert]], Southern California (1923)]]

The major location of design and construction in the Spanish Colonial Revival style was California, especially in the coastal cities. In 1915, the San Diego [[Panama–California Exposition]], with architects [[Bertram Goodhue]] and [[Carleton Winslow]] Sr., popularized the style in the state and nation. It is best exemplified in the [[California Quadrangle]], built as the grand entrance to that Exposition. In the early 1920s, architect [[Lilian Jeannette Rice]] designed the style in the development of the town of [[Rancho Santa Fe, California|Rancho Santa Fe]] in San Diego County.

The city of [[Santa Barbara, California|Santa Barbara]] adopted the style to give it a unified Spanish character after widespread destruction in the [[History of Santa Barbara, California#1925 earthquake|1925 Santa Barbara earthquake]]. The [[Santa Barbara County Courthouse|County Courthouse]], designed by William Mooser III, and the [[Arlington Theatre]], designed by [[Edwards and Plunkett]], are prime examples. [[George Washington Smith (architect)|George Washington Smith]] designed many residences in Santa Barbara, including [[Casa del Herrero]] and [[Jackling House]], along with businesses [[Lobero Theatre]] and the [[Santa Barbara News-Press]].

Real estate developer [[Ole Hanson]] favored the Spanish Colonial Revival style in his founding and development of [[San Clemente, California]] in 1928. The [[Pasadena City Hall]] by John Bakewell, Jr. and [[Arthur Brown, Jr.]], the [[Sonoma City Hall]], and the [[Beverly Hills City Hall]] by [[Harry G. Koerner]] and [[William J. Gage]] are other notable civic examples in California. Between 1922 and 1931, architect Robert H. Spurgeon constructed 32 Spanish colonial revival houses in [[Riverside, California|Riverside]], and many of them have been preserved.

===Texas===
Spanish Colonial Revival architecture in Texas, especially in places like San Antonio, blends Spanish architectural styles with local influences. It features elements like low-pitched tile roofs, stucco walls, and arched entries, reflecting both the region's history and its suitability for the warm climate. This style was popular in the early 20th century and continues to be a distinctive feature of Texas architecture.

[[File:McNayArtMuseum.jpg|thumb|right|The McNay Art Museum in San Antonio, Texas]]

The [[McNay Art Museum]], founded in 1950, is the first [[modern art]] museum in Texas. The museum was created by Mrs. McNay's original bequest of most of her fortune, her art collection and her 24-room [[Spanish Colonial Revival architecture|Spanish Colonial Revival]]-style mansion that sits on {{convert|23|acre|m2}} that are landscaped with fountains, broad lawns and a Japanese-inspired garden and fishpond. The museum focuses primarily on 19th and 20th century European and American art by such artists as [[Paul Cézanne]], [[Pablo Picasso]], [[Paul Gauguin]], [[Henri Matisse]], [[Georgia O'Keeffe]], [[Diego Rivera]], [[Mary Cassatt]], and [[Edward Hopper]]. The collection today consists of over 14,000 objects of contemporary art and sculpture. The museum also is home to the Tobin Collection of Theater Arts, and a research library with over 30,000 volumes.<ref>[http://travel.nytimes.com/travel/guides/north-america/united-states/texas/san-antonio/attraction-detail.html?vid=1154654608615 Marion Koogler McNay Art Museum], New York Times.</ref>

===Mexico===
[[File:ASc005-Na Zocaio Plac.jpg|thumb|right|The neocolonial [[Federal District buildings#Edificio de Gobierno building|companion building]] (1940s) to the colonial Mexico City palace of the [[ayuntamiento]]]]
[[File:Villa in Lomas de Chapultepec.jpg|thumb|right|[[Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes|INBA]]-catalogued house built in the ''colonial californiano'' style in [[Lomas de Chapultepec]] in [[Mexico City]] (1930s)]]

{{See also|New Spanish Baroque}} The Spanish Colonial Revival of Mexico has a distinct origin from the style developed in the United States. Following the [[Mexican Revolution]], there was a wave of nationalism that emphasized national culture, including in architecture. The neocolonial style arose as a response to European [[Eclecticism in architecture|eclecticism]] (favored during the [[Porfiriato]]). The 1915 book ''La patria y la arquitectura nacional'' by architect [[Federico E. Mariscal]] ([[:es:Federico Ernesto Mariscal Piña|es]]) was influential in advocating [[New Spain|viceregal]] architecture as integral to national identity.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sluis|first1=Ageeth|title=Deco Body, Deco City: Female Spectacle and Modernity in Mexico City, 1900–1939|date=2016|publisher=U of Nebraska Press|isbn=9780803293922|page=194|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3iPnCgAAQBAJ&q=la+patria+y+la+arquitectura+nacional+neocolonial&pg=PA194|access-date=24 May 2017|language=en}}</ref> During the government of President [[Venustiano Carranza]] (serving 1917 to 1920), tax exemptions were offered to those that built houses in a colonial style.<ref name="Moreno">{{cite book|last1=Moreno|first1=Gilberto Romero|title=Tendencias actuales de la arquitectura mexicana|date=2005|publisher=USON|isbn=9789706892508|pages=21–25|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yVwwDxHK4AsC&q=arquitectura+neocolonial+tezontle&pg=PA21|access-date=24 May 2017|language=es}}</ref> In the early 1920s there was a surge of houses built with [[Plateresque]] elements; such as [[Grotesque (architecture)|grotesques]], [[pinnacle]]s and [[mixtilinear arches]] ([[:es:Arco mixtilíneo|es]]).<ref name="Moreno" />

Secretary of Education [[José Vasconcelos]] (who shaped the cultural philosophy of the post-Revolution government) was an active promoter of neocolonial architecture.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Burian|first1=Edward R.|title=Modernity and the Architecture of Mexico|date=1997|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=9780292708532|page=66|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lKnGoy3DHAMC&q=Jos%C3%A9+Vasconcelos+neocolonial&pg=PA66|access-date=24 May 2017|language=en}}</ref>  Traditional materials such as [[tezontle]], [[Cantera (stone)|cantera]] and [[Talavera pottery#Usage|Talavera tiles]] were incorporated into neocolonial buildings.<ref name="Moreno" />

The colonial-era [[National Palace (Mexico)|National Palace]] was significantly altered between 1926 and 1929: the addition of a third floor and changes to the facade. The modifications were done in a manner corresponding to the original style. Similarly, the colonial Mexico City [[Federal District buildings|government building]] was remodeled in the 1920s and a neocolonial companion building was built in the 1940s.

====Colonial californiano====
The style, as developed in the United States, came full circle to its geographic point of inspiration as in the late 1930s, single-family houses were built in [[Mexico City]]'s then-new upscale neighborhoods in what is known in Mexico as ''colonial californiano'' ('''Californian Colonial'''). That is, a Mexican reinterpretation of the California interpretation of Spanish Colonial Revival.<ref>{{cite book|title=Artifacts of Revolution: Architecture, Society, and Politics in Mexico City|author=Patrice Elizabeth Olsenand|date=11 September 2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BG4iQvOQ8isC&pg=PA202|page=202|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |isbn=9780742557314}}</ref> Many houses of this style can still be seen in the [[Colonia Nápoles]], [[Condesa]], [[Polanco]] and [[Lomas de Chapultepec]] areas of Mexico City. The [[Pasaje Polanco]] shopping court is an example of the style's application in commercial architecture.

===Australia===
Influential Australian architects such as Emil Sodersten and Professor Leslie Wilkinson brought back styles from Italy and Spain in the early 20th century convinced that Mediterranean styles would be well-suited for the Australian climate and lifestyle. Mediterranean style became popular in places like [[Sydney]] suburbs [[Manly, New South Wales|Manly]] and [[Bondi, New South Wales|Bondi]] in the 1920s and 1930s. One variant, known as Spanish Mission or Hollywood Spanish, became popular as Australians saw films of and read in magazines about the glamorous mansions in that style that Hollywood movie stars had. Spanish mission houses began to appear in the wealthier suburbs, the most famous being [[Boomerang, Elizabeth Bay|Boomerang]], at [[Elizabeth Bay, New South Wales|Elizabeth Bay]].<ref name="nsw">{{cite web|url=http://www.manly.nsw.gov.au/DownloadDocument.ashx?DocumentID=1468 |title=Spanish Mission/Mediterranean, Manly City Council, 2006 |publisher=manly.nsw.gov.au|access-date=2015-09-04}}</ref><ref name="smh">{{cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/australian-capital-territory/spanish-mission-style/2007/10/31/1193618947593.html |title=Spanish mission style - Australian Capital Territory|publisher=Sydney Morning Herald|date=October 31, 2007 |access-date=2015-09-04}}</ref> The [[Plaza Theatre (Sydney)|Plaza Theatre]] in Sydney is a celebrated cinema in the style.

===China===
In the 1930s, numerous houses in Spanish Revival style were built in [[Shanghai]], particularly in the former [[French Concession]]. Although Shanghai was not culturally linked to the Spanish-speaking world, these buildings were probably inspired by Hollywood movies, which were highly influential in the city at the time. Local architectural magazines of the period like ''The Chinese Architect'' and ''The Builder'' regularly printed detailed examples of the style for local builders to copy and implement.

===Spanish East Indies===
[[File:Gota de Leche 07.jpg|thumb|[[Gota de Leche Building]] in [[Manila]], Philippines (1915)]]
After being conquered and ruled for the Spanish crown, and for the most part being administered as a territory under the jurisdiction of the kingdom of [[New Spain]] (Mexico), the Philippines and Mariana islands received Iberian and Latin-American influences in its architecture. By the time the United States occupied the Philippines, the Mission-style and Spanish Colonial Revival architecture also arrived, with inspirations from California. American architects further developed this style in the Philippines, modernizing the buildings with American amenities.

The best example of the Spanish Colonial Revival architecture and California mission style is the famed [[Manila Hotel]] designed by [[William E. Parsons]] and built in 1909. Other examples exist throughout the country such as Gota de Leche, Paco Market, and thousands more, especially in the churches and cathedrals throughout the country.