Editing Spanish naming customs (section)

==Basic structure==
Currently in Spain, people bear a single or composite [[given name]] (''{{Lang|es|nombre}}'' in Spanish) and two [[surnames]] (''{{Lang|es|apellidos}}'' in Spanish).

A composite given name is composed of two (or more) single names; for example, ''Juan Pablo'' is considered not to be a first and a second forename, but a single composite forename.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ley de 8 de junio de 1957 sobre el Registro Civil |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1957-7537&p=20110722&tn=1#ciii |website=BOE |quote=Articles 53 & 54 (in Spanish)}}</ref>

The two surnames refer to each of the parental families. Traditionally, a person's first surname is the father's first surname (''{{Lang|es|apellido paterno}}''), while their second surname is the mother's first surname (''{{Lang|es|apellido materno}}''). For example, if a man named ''Eduardo Fernández Garrido'' marries a woman named ''María Dolores Martínez Ruiz'' (note that women do not change their name with marriage) and they have a child named ''José'', there are several legal options, but their child would most usually be known as ''José Fernández Martínez''.

Spanish [[gender equality]] law has allowed surname transposition since 1999,<ref name="Orden de apellidos">{{cite web |url=http://www.boe.es/aeboe/consultas/bases_datos/doc.php?coleccion=iberlex&id=1999/21569 |title=''Ley 40/1999, de 5 de noviembre, sobre nombre y apellidos y orden de los mismos'' |date=6 November 1999 |publisher=Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado |quote=''Si la filiación está determinada por ambas líneas, el padre y la madre de común acuerdo podrán decidir el orden de transmisión de su respectivo primer apellido, antes de la inscripción registral. Si no se ejercita esta opción, regirá lo dispuesto en la ley. El orden de apellidos inscrito para el mayor de los hijos regirá en las inscripciones de nacimiento posteriores de sus hermanos del mismo vínculo.'' (If the affiliation is determined by both lines, the father and mother may by agreement determine the order of transmission of its respective first name before registration. If this option is not exercised, the provisions of law shall apply. The order of names registered for the eldest sibling governed the registration in subsequent siblings of the same link.) |access-date=13 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100429075843/http://www.boe.es/aeboe/consultas/bases_datos/doc.php?coleccion=iberlex&id=1999%2F21569 |archive-date=29 April 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> subject to the condition that every sibling must bear the same surname order recorded in the ''{{Lang|es|Registro Civil}}'' ([[civil registry]]), but there have been legal exceptions. Since 2013, if the parents of a child were unable to agree on the order of surnames, an official would decide which is to come first,<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://elpais.com/diario/2011/05/05/sociedad/1304546415_850215.html |title=''El orden de los apellidos lo decidirá un funcionario si no hay acuerdo'' |journal=El País |access-date=2016-12-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220072145/http://elpais.com/diario/2011/05/05/sociedad/1304546415_850215.html |archive-date=20 December 2016 |date=2011-05-05 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2011-12628 |title=''Ley 20/2011, de 21 de julio, del Registro Civil. Artículo 49.2'' |access-date=2016-12-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161209182203/http://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2011-12628 |archive-date=9 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=Jul 14, 2011 |title=El Congreso aprueba que un funcionario elija el orden de los apellidos si no hay acuerdo |url=http://www.noticias.com/el-congreso-aprueba-que-un-funcionario-elija-el-orden-de-los-apellidos-si-no-hay-acuerdo.1206187 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928132017/http://www.noticias.com/el-congreso-aprueba-que-un-funcionario-elija-el-orden-de-los-apellidos-si-no-hay-acuerdo.1206187 |archive-date=28 September 2011 |access-date=2011-07-17 |website=Noticias.com}}</ref> with the paternal name being the default option. The only requirement is that every son and daughter must have the same order of the surnames, so they cannot change it separately. Since June 2017, adopting the paternal name first is no longer the standard method, and parents are required to sign an agreement wherein the name order is expressed explicitly.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/06/30/spain-scrap-sexist-double-barrelled-names-policy/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/06/30/spain-scrap-sexist-double-barrelled-names-policy/ |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Spain to scrap 'sexist' double barrelled names policy|journal=The Telegraph|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-07-10|date=2017-06-30|last1=Strange|first1=Hannah}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.elmundo.es/sociedad/2017/05/30/592dba4d268e3e44738b476a.html |title=''El apellido del padre dejará definitivamente de tener preferencia en España a partir del 30 de junio'' |work=ELMUNDO |access-date=2017-07-10 |language=es}}</ref><ref name="elmundo2">{{Cite news |url=http://www.elmundo.es/sociedad/2017/07/06/595babe922601d9d7c8b4661.html |title=Si le ponemos primero el apellido de la madre, sería como si no fuera mi hijo, ¿no? |work=ELMUNDO |access-date=2017-07-10 |language=es}}</ref> The law also grants a person the option, upon reaching adulthood, of reversing the order of their surnames. However, this legislation only applies to Spanish citizens; people of other nationalities are issued the surname indicated by the laws of their original country.<ref name="elmundo2" />

Each of these two surnames can also be composite in itself, with the parts usually linked by:
*the conjunction ''y'' or ''e'' (and),
*the preposition ''de'' (of), or
*a hyphen.
For example, a person's name might be ''Juan Pablo Fernández de Calderón García-Iglesias'', consisting of a forename (''Juan Pablo''), a paternal surname (''Fernández de Calderón''), and a maternal surname (''García-Iglesias'').

===Forms of address===
{{Refimprove|section|date=May 2023}}
A man named ''José Antonio Gómez Iglesias'' would normally be addressed as either ''señor Gómez'' or ''señor Gómez Iglesias'' instead of ''señor Iglesias'', because ''Gómez'' is his first surname. Furthermore, Mr. Gómez might be informally addressed as
# ''José Antonio''
# ''José''
# ''Pepe'' (nickname for José)
# ''Antonio'' 
# ''Toño'' (nickname for Antonio)
# ''Joselito, Josito, Joselillo, Josico'' or ''Joselín'' (diminutives of José)
# ''Antoñito, Toñín'', ''Toñito, Ñoño'' or ''Nono'' (diminutives of Antonio)
# ''Joseán'' ([[Apocope|apocopation]]).
Very formally, he could be addressed with an honorific such as ''[[Don (honorific)|don]] José Antonio'' or ''don José''.
<!-- Colombian writer [[Gabriel García Márquez]] is sometimes incorrectly referred to in English media as ''Mr. Márquez'', when it should be ''Mr. García Márquez'' or, simply, ''Mr. García''. (Not a Spaniard) -->

It is not unusual, when the first surname is very common, like ''García'' in the example above, for a person to be referred to formally using both family names, or casually by their second surname only. For example, [[José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero]] (elected President of the Spanish Government in the 2004 and 2008 general elections) is often called simply Zapatero, the name he inherited from his mother's family since Rodríguez is a common surname and may be ambiguous. The same occurs with another former Spanish Socialist leader, [[Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba]], with the poet and dramatist [[Federico García Lorca]], and with the painter [[Pablo Picasso|Pablo Ruiz Picasso]]. As these people's paternal surnames are very common, they are often referred to by their maternal surnames (Rubalcaba, Lorca, Picasso). It would nonetheless be a mistake to index Rodríguez Zapatero under Z or García Lorca under L. (Picasso, who spent most of his adult life in France, is normally indexed under "P".)

{{anchor|Hyphenation}}In an English-speaking environment, Spanish-named people sometimes [[hyphen]]ate their surnames to avoid Anglophone confusion or to fill in forms with only one space provided for the last name:<ref>{{cite news|title=Curiosities: Why are so many Hispanic names hyphenated?|url=https://news.wisc.edu/curiosities-why-are-so-many-hispanic-names-hyphenated/|publisher=University of Wisconsin-Madison|date=2010-08-23|language=en}}</ref> for example, U.S. Representative [[Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez]], who is of Puerto Rican heritage, is named "Ocasio-Cortez" because her parents' surnames are Ocasio-Roman and Ocasio-Cortez (née Cortez). She has publicly corrected people who referred to her as "Cortez" rather than "Ocasio-Cortez".<ref>{{cite news|title=Ocasio-Cortez takes aim at Laura Ingraham, Fox guest for mocking pronunciation of her name|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/media/435042-ocasio-cortez-takes-aim-at-fox-host-for-mocking-her-name-pronunciation|work=The Hill|date=2019-03-20}}</ref>

In Spanish-speaking countries, hyphenated surnames arise when someone wants both the paternal and maternal surnames passed to future generations, and the next generation receives the two, hyphenated, as a single (paternal) surname. Occasionally the two are fused into a simple (unhyphenated) name, such as [[Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos | Jovellanos]] (from Jove and Llanos). Rarely, the two names are left unhyphenated, such as [[José López Portillo | López Portillo]], which may lead to confusion.

===Forenames===
Parents choose their child's [[given name]], which must be recorded in the ''{{Lang|es|Registro Civil}}'' (Civil Registry) to establish their legal identity.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mjusticia.es/cs/Satellite?c%3DOrgPaginaREG%26cid%3D1080215934018%26pagename%3DPortal_del_ciudadano%2FOrgPaginaREG%2FTpl_OrgPaginaREG |title=Ministerio de Justicia |access-date=2007-02-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228203600/http://www.mjusticia.es/cs/Satellite?c=OrgPaginaREG&cid=1080215934018&pagename=Portal_del_ciudadano%2FOrgPaginaREG%2FTpl_OrgPaginaREG |archive-date=28 February 2007 }}</ref> With few restrictions, parents can now choose any name; common sources of names are the parents' taste, honouring a relative, the [[General Roman Calendar]] ''nomina'' (nominal register), and traditional Spanish names. Legislation in [[Spain under Franco]]'s dictatorship legally limited cultural naming customs to only [[Christianity|Christian]] (Jesus, Mary, saints)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ellwood |first1=Sheelagh M. |title=Franco |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-87467-6 |page=117 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fGjXAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA117 |language=en}}</ref> and typical Spanish names (Álvaro, Jimena, etc.). Although the first part of a composite forename generally reflects the gender of the child, the second personal name need not (e.g. [[José María Aznar]]). At present, the only naming limitation is the dignity of the child, who cannot be given an insulting name. Similar limitations applied against diminutive, familiar, and colloquial variants not recognized as names proper, and "those that lead to confusion regarding sex";<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mjusticia.es/cs/Satellite?c%3DTramite%26cid%3D1060583996709%26pagename%3DPortal_del_ciudadano%2FTramite%2FTramite%26lang%3Den_gb |title=Ministerio de Justicia |access-date=2007-02-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928003557/http://www.mjusticia.es/cs/Satellite?c=Tramite&cid=1060583996709&pagename=Portal_del_ciudadano%2FTramite%2FTramite&lang=en_gb |archive-date=28 September 2007 }}</ref>
however, current law<ref name="''Identidad de género''">{{cite web |url=http://www.boe.es/g/es/bases_datos/doc.php?coleccion=iberlex&id=2007/05585 |title=''LEY 3/2007, de 15 de marzo, reguladora de la rectificación registral de la mención relativa al sexo de las personas'' |publisher=Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado |quote=Para garantizar el derecho de las personas a la libre elección del nombre propio, se deroga la prohibición de inscribir como nombre propio los diminutivos o variantes familiares y coloquiales que no hayan alcanzado sustantividad |date=15 March 2007 |access-date=24 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207093953/http://www.boe.es/g/es/bases_datos/doc.php?coleccion=iberlex&id=2007%2F05585 |archive-date=7 December 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> allows registration of diminutive names.<ref name="Pepe">''[[El Periódico de Catalunya|El Periódico]]'', [http://www.elperiodico.com/default.asp?idpublicacio_PK=46&idioma=CAS&idnoticia_PK=397625&idseccio_PK=1021 ''Una familia puede por fin inscribir a su hijo como Pepe tras dos años de papeleo''], 17 April 2007.</ref>

====María, José and Jesús in composite given names====
{{Refimprove|section|date=May 2023}}
[[File:Concentracion apellidos por provincias España.png|thumb|right|400px|Spanish provincial surname concentrations: percentage of population born with the ten most-common surnames for each province (source: [[Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Spain)|Instituto Nacional de Estadística]] 2006)
]]
Girls are often named ''María'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ine.es/daco/daco42/nombyapel/nombres_mas_frecuentes.xls#ESPAÑA_100_mujeres!A1 |title=''Nombres más frecuentes por provincia de residencia'' |website=Ine.es |access-date=2016-09-25}}</ref> honouring the [[Mary (mother of Jesus)|Virgin Mary]], by appending either a shrine, place, or religious-concept suffix-name to ''María''. In daily life, such women omit the "Mary of the&nbsp;..." nominal prefix, and use the suffix portion of their composite names as their public, rather than legal, [[Personally identifiable information|identity]]. Hence, women with [[Blessed Virgin Mary (Roman Catholic)|Marian]] names such as ''María de los Ángeles'' (María of the Angels), ''María del Pilar'' ([[Our Lady of the Pillar|María of the Pillar]]), and ''María de la Luz'' (María of the Light), are normally addressed as ''Ángeles'' (Angels), ''Pilar'' (Pillar), and ''Luz'' (Light); however, each might be addressed as ''María''. Nicknames such as ''Maricarmen'' for ''María del Carmen'', ''Marisol'' for "María (de la) Soledad" ("Our Lady of Solitude", the Virgin Mary), ''Dolores'' or ''Lola'' for ''María de los Dolores'' ("Our Lady of Sorrows"), ''Mercedes'' or ''Merche'' for ''María de las Mercedes'' ("Our Lady of Mercy"), etc. are often used. Also, parents can simply name a girl ''María'', or ''Mari'' without a suffix portion.

It is common for a boy's formal name to include ''María'', preceded by a masculine name, e.g. [[José María Aznar]], [[Juan María Vicencio de Ripperdá]] or [[Antonio María Rouco Varela]]. Equivalently, a girl can be formally named ''María José'' , e.g. skier [[María José Rienda]], and informally named ''Marijose'', ''Mariajo'', ''Majo'', ''Ajo'', ''Marisé'' or even ''José'' in honour of St. Joseph. ''María'' as a masculine name is often abbreviated in writing as ''M.'' (José M. Aznar), ''Ma.'' (José Ma. Aznar), or ''M.ª'' ([[José María Morelos|José M.ª Morelos]]).<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://elpais.com/sociedad/2014/10/08/actualidad/1412769600_1412780725.html |title=Entrevista con José Mª Martín Moreno |journal=El País |access-date=2018-07-31 |date=2014-10-08 }}</ref> It is unusual for any names other than the religiously significant ''María'' and ''José'' to be used in this way except for the name ''Jesús'' that is also very common and can be used as ''Jesús'' or ''Jesús María'' for a boy and ''María Jesús'' for a girl, and can be abbreviated as ''Sus'', ''Chus'' and other nicknames.

===Registered names===
{{Unreferenced|section|date=May 2023}}
The ''{{Lang|es|Registro Civil}}'' (Civil Registry) officially records a child's identity as composed of a [[given name|forename]] (simple or composite) and the two [[family name|surnames]]; however, a child can be religiously [[Baptism|baptized]] with several forenames, e.g. [[Felipe Juan Froilán de Marichalar y Borbón|Felipe Juan Froilán de Todos los Santos]]. Until the 1960s, it was customary to baptize children with three forenames: the first was the main and the only one used by the child; if parents agreed, one of the other two was the name of the day's saint. Nowadays, baptizing with three or more forenames is usually a [[royal family|royal]] and [[nobility|noble]] family practice.

===Marriage===

In Spain married people keep their original surnames (unlike in some near cultures in which they may adopt the spouse's family name as a [[Maiden and married names|married name]]). In some instances, such as high society meetings, the partner's surname can be added after the person's surnames using the preposition ''de'' (of). An example would be a ''Leocadia Blanco Álvarez'', married to a ''Pedro Pérez Montilla'', may be addressed as ''Leocadia Blanco de Pérez'' or as ''Leocadia Blanco Álvarez de Pérez''. This format is not used in everyday settings and has no legal value.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://medbib.com/Spanish_naming_customs |title=medbib.com |publisher=medbib.com |access-date=2016-09-25}}</ref>  <!-- For example, in chapter V, part 2 of ''[[Don Quixote]]'' (1605, 1615), [[Teresa Panza]] reminds her husband Sancho that, properly, she should be addressed as ''Teresa Cascajo'', by her surname, not her ''marital surname'': "Teresa I was named in baptism, a clean and short name, without additions or embellishments, or [[Don (honorific)|''dons'']] and ''doñas''; 'Cascajo' was my father; and people call me, as your wife, 'Teresa Panza', though by right I ought to be called Teresa Cascajo&nbsp;..."<ref>{{Cite book |title=Don Quixote |first=Miguel de |last=Cervantes Saavedra |url= http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Don_Quixote/Volume_2/Chapter_V}}</ref> -->

Similarly, a widow may be identified using "viuda de" ("widow of" in Spanish) or its abbreviation "vda." for, as in ''Leocadia Blanco vda. de Pérez''.

===Generational transmission===
[[File:Spanish surnames by province of residence.png|thumb|right|400px|Surname distribution: the most common surnames in Spain, by [[Provinces of Spain|province]] of residence]]
In the generational transmission of surnames, the paternal surname's precedence eventually eliminates the maternal surnames from the family [[Lineal descendant|lineage]]. Contemporary law (1999) allows the maternal surname to be given precedence, but most people observe the traditional paternal–maternal surname order. Therefore, the daughter and son of ''Ángela López Sáenz'' and ''Tomás Portillo Blanco'' are usually called ''Laura Portillo López'' and ''Pedro Portillo López'' but could also be called ''Laura López Portillo'' and ''Pedro López Portillo''. The two surnames of all siblings must be in the same order when recorded in the ''{{Lang|es|Registro Civil}}''. Spanish naming customs include the [[orthography|orthographic]] option of conjoining the surnames with the [[Grammatical conjunction|conjunction]] particle ''[[#The particle "y" (and)|y]]'', or ''e'' before a name starting with 'I', 'Hi' or 'Y', (both meaning "and") (e.g., ''[[José Ortega y Gasset]]'', ''Tomás Portillo y Blanco'', or ''[[Eduardo Dato e Iradier]]''), following an antiquated [[aristocracy (class)|aristocratic]] usage.
 
Patrilineal surname transmission was not always the [[Norm (sociology)|norm]] in Spanish-speaking societies. Prior to the mid-eighteenth century,{{Citation needed |date=July 2010}} when the current paternal-maternal surname combination norm was adopted, Hispanophone societies often practised matrilineal surname transmission, giving children the maternal surname and occasionally giving children a grandparent's surname (borne by neither parent) for prestige – being perceived as [[gentry]] – and profit, flattering the [[matriarchy|matriarch]] or the [[patriarchy|patriarch]] in hope of [[inheritance|inheriting]] land. A more recent example can be found in the name of ''[[Francis Franco|Francisco de Asís Franco y Martínez-Bordiú]]'' (born 1954), who took first the name of his mother, [[Carmen Franco]], rather than that of his father, [[Cristóbal Martínez-Bordiú, 10th Marquis of Villaverde]], in order to perpetuate the family name of his maternal grandfather, the ''[[Caudillo]]'' [[Francisco Franco]].<ref name="mundo">{{cite news |last1=Galiach |first1=Juan Luis |title=La saga Franco despega de nuevo (The Franco saga takes off again) |url=https://www.elmundo.es/cronica/2003/422/1069077765.html |access-date=22 March 2022 |work=[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]] |date=16 November 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413143902/https://www.elmundo.es/cronica/2003/422/1069077765.html |archive-date=13 April 2021 |language=Spanish}}</ref>

Not every surname is a single word; such conjoining usage is common with doubled surnames (maternal-paternal), ancestral composite surnames [[inheritance|bequeathed]] to the following generations – especially when the paternal surname is socially undistinguished. ''[[José María Álvarez del Manzano|José María Álvarez del Manzano y López del Hierro]]'' is an example, his name comprising the composite single name ''José María'' and two composite surnames, ''Álvarez del Manzano'' and ''López del Hierro''. Other examples derive from church place-names such as San José. When a person bears doubled surnames, the means of disambiguation is to insert ''y'' between the paternal and maternal surnames.

In case of [[Legitimacy (family law)|illegitimacy]] – when the child's father either is unknown or refuses to recognize his child legally – the child bears both of the mother's surnames, which may be interchanged.<ref name="Single-parent">{{cite web |url=http://www.boe.es/aeboe/consultas/bases_datos/doc.php?coleccion=iberlex&id=1999/21569 |title=''Ley 40/1999, de 5 de noviembre, sobre nombre y apellidos y orden de los mismos'' |publisher=Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado |quote=''En los supuestos de nacimiento con una sola filiación reconocida, ésta determina los apellidos, pudiendo el progenitor que reconozca su condición de tal determinar, al tiempo de la inscripción, el orden de los apellidos.'' (In those cases where only one affiliation is recognized, it is this affiliation that determines the surnames, being the recognizing parent's right to choose, at the moment of inscription, the order of the surnames.) |date=6 November 1999 |access-date=20 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100429075843/http://www.boe.es/aeboe/consultas/bases_datos/doc.php?coleccion=iberlex&id=1999%2F21569 |archive-date=29 April 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Occasionally, a person with a common paternal surname and an uncommon maternal surname becomes widely known by the maternal surname. Some examples include the artist [[Pablo Picasso|Pablo Ruiz Picasso]], the poet [[Federico García Lorca]], and the politician [[José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero]]. With a similar effect, the foreign paternal surname of the Uruguayan writer [[Eduardo Galeano|Eduardo Hughes Galeano]] (his father was British) is usually omitted. (As a boy, however, he occasionally signed his name as ''Eduardo Gius'', using a Hispanicized approximation of the English pronunciation of "Hughes".) Such use of the second last name by itself is colloquial, however, and may not be applied in legal contexts.

Also rarely, a person may become widely known by both surnames, with an example being a tennis player [[Arantxa Sánchez Vicario]] – whereas her older brothers [[Emilio Sánchez|Emilio]] and [[Javier Sánchez (tennis)|Javier]], also professional tennis players, are mainly known only by the paternal surname of Sánchez in everyday life, although they would ''formally'' be addressed as ''Sánchez Vicario''.

===Navarrese and Álavan surnames===
Where [[Basque culture|Basque]] and Romance cultures have linguistically long coexisted, the surnames denote the father's name and the (family) [[family|house]] or town/village. Thus the Romance [[patronym]]ic and the place-name are conjoined with the prepositional particle ''de'' ("from"+"provenance"). For example, in the name ''[[José Ignacio López de Arriortúa]]'', the composite surname ''López de Arriortúa'' is a single surname, despite ''Arriortúa'' being the original family name. This can lead to confusion because the Spanish ''López'' and the Basque ''Arriortúa'' are discrete surnames in Spanish and Basque respectively. This pattern was also in use in other Basque districts, but was phased out in most of the Basque-speaking areas and only remained in place across lands of heavy Romance influence, i.e. some central areas of [[Navarre]] and most of [[Álava]]. To a lesser extent, this pattern has been also present in Castile, where [[Basque language|Basque]]-[[Castilian Spanish|Castilian]] bilingualism was common in northern and eastern areas up to the 13th century.

A notable example of this system was ''Joaquina Sánchez de Samaniego y Fernández de Tejada'', with both paternal and maternal surnames coming from this system, joined with an ''y'' ("and").