Editing Spectral line (section)

== Types of line spectra ==
[[Image:Simple spectroscope.jpg|thumb|right|Continuous spectrum of an [[Incandescent light bulb|incandescent lamp]] (mid) and discrete spectrum lines of a [[Compact fluorescent lamp|fluorescent lamp]] (bottom)]]

Spectral lines are the result of interaction between a [[Quantum mechanics|quantum system]] (usually [[atom]]s, but sometimes [[molecule]]s or [[atomic nucleus|atomic nuclei]]) and a single [[photon]]. When a photon has about the right amount of [[photon energy|energy]] (which is connected to its frequency)<ref>[[Einstein, Albert]] (1905). "[[Annus Mirabilis papers#Photoelectric effect|On a Heuristic Viewpoint Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light]]".</ref> to allow a change in the energy state of the system (in the case of an atom this is usually an [[electron]] changing [[Electron configuration|orbitals]]), the photon is absorbed. Then the energy will be spontaneously re-emitted, either as one photon at the same frequency as the original one or in a cascade, where the sum of the energies of the photons emitted will be equal to the energy of the one absorbed (assuming the system returns to its original state).

A spectral line may be observed either as an ''emission line'' or an ''absorption line''. Which type of line is observed depends on the type of material and its temperature relative to another emission source. An absorption line is produced when photons from a hot, broad spectrum source pass through a cooler material. The intensity of light, over a narrow frequency range, is reduced due to absorption by the material and re-emission in random directions. By contrast, a bright emission line is produced when photons from a hot material are detected, perhaps in the presence of a broad spectrum from a cooler source. The intensity of light, over a narrow frequency range, is increased due to emission by the hot material.

Spectral lines are highly atom-specific, and can be used to identify the chemical composition of any medium. Several elements, including [[helium]], [[thallium]], and [[caesium]], were discovered by spectroscopic means. Spectral lines also depend on the [[temperature]] and [[number density|density]] of the material, so they are widely used to determine the physical conditions of [[star]]s and other celestial bodies that cannot be analyzed by other means.

Depending on the material and its physical conditions, the energy of the involved photons can vary widely, with the spectral lines observed across the [[electromagnetic spectrum]], from [[radio wave]]s to [[gamma ray]]s.