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Spinal tumor
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==Signs and symptoms== The symptoms of spinal tumors are often non-specific, resulting in a delay in diagnosis. Spinal nerve compression and weakening of the vertebral structure cause the symptoms. Pain is the most common symptom at presentation.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name="Nambiar">{{cite journal|last=Nambiar|first=Mithun|author2=Kavar, B|date=2012|title=Clinical presentation and outcome of patients with intradural spinal cord tumours|journal=Journal of Clinical Neuroscience|volume=19|issue=2|pages=262β6|doi=10.1016/j.jocn.2011.05.021|pmid=22099075|s2cid=11919425}}</ref> Other common symptoms of [[spinal cord compression]] include muscle weakness, [[sensory loss]], numbness in hands and legs, and rapid onset [[paralysis]]. [[Fecal incontinence|Bowel]] or [[Urinary incontinence|bladder incontinence]] often occur in the later stages of the disease.<ref name=":4" /> Children may present with spinal deformities such as [[scoliosis]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> The diagnosis is challenging, primarily because symptoms often mimic more common and benign degenerative spinal diseases.<ref name="Hamamoto">{{cite journal|last=Hamamoto|first=Yasushi|author2=Kataoka, M.|author3=Senba, T.|author4=Uwatsu, K.|author5=Sugawara, Y.|author6=Inoue, T.|author7=Sakai, S.|author8=Aono, S.|author9=Takahashi, T.|author10=Oda, S.|date=9 May 2009|title=Vertebral Metastases with High Risk of Symptomatic Malignant Spinal Cord Compression|journal=Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology|volume=39|issue=7|pages=431β434|citeseerx=10.1.1.624.6511|doi=10.1093/jjco/hyp039|pmid=19429929}}</ref><ref name=Ribas>{{cite journal|last=Ribas|first=Eduardo S. C.|author2=Schiff, David |title=Spinal Cord Compression|journal=Current Treatment Options in Neurology|date=1 May 2012|doi=10.1007/s11940-012-0176-7|pmid=22547256|volume=14|issue=4|pages=391β401|citeseerx=10.1.1.613.5814|s2cid=25396373}}</ref> Spinal cord compression is commonly found in patients with metastatic malignancy.<ref name=Holt>{{cite journal|last=Holt|first=T.|author2=Hoskin, P. |author3=Maranzano, E. |author4=Sahgal, A. |author5=Schild, S.E. |author6=Ryu, S. |author7=Loblaw, A. |title=Malignant epidural spinal cord compression: the role of external beam radiotherapy|journal=Current Opinion in Supportive and Palliative Care|date=6 March 2012|volume=6|issue=1|pages=103β8|doi=10.1097/spc.0b013e32834de701|pmid=22156794|s2cid=40059786}}</ref> [[Back pain]] is a primary symptom of spinal cord compression in patients with known malignancy.<ref name=Reith>{{cite journal|last=Reith|first=W.|author2=Yilmaz, U. |title=[Extradural tumors].|journal=Der Radiologe|date=December 2011|volume=51|issue=12|pages=1018β1024|doi=10.1007/s00117-011-2152-8|pmid=22198141|s2cid=2875418}}</ref> Back pain may prompt a [[bone scan]] to confirm or exclude spinal metastasis. Rapid identification and intervention of metastatic spinal cord compression is necessary to preserve neurologic function.<ref name=Jennelle>{{cite journal|last=Jennelle|first=Richard L. S. |author2=Vijayakumar, Vani |author3=Vijayakumar, Srinivasan|title=A Systemic and Evidence-Based Approach to the Management of Vertebral Metastasis|journal=ISRN Surgery|date=2 August 2011|volume=2011|doi=10.5402/2011/719715|pmid=22084772 |pmc=3200210 |pages=719715 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
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