Editing Spintronics (section)

==History==
Spintronics emerged from discoveries in the 1980s concerning spin-dependent electron transport phenomena in solid-state devices. This includes the observation of [[Spin polarization|spin-polarized]] electron injection from a ferromagnetic metal to a normal metal by Johnson and Silsbee (1985)<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Johnson | first1 = M. | last2 = Silsbee | first2 = R. H. | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.55.1790 | title = Interfacial charge-spin coupling: Injection and detection of spin magnetization in metals | journal = Physical Review Letters | volume = 55 | issue = 17 | pages = 1790–1793 | year = 1985 | pmid =  10031924|bibcode = 1985PhRvL..55.1790J }}</ref> and the discovery of [[giant magnetoresistance]] independently by [[Albert Fert]] et al.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Baibich | first1 = M. N. | last2 = Broto | first2 = J. M. | last3 = Fert | first3 = A. | last4 = Nguyen Van Dau | first4 = F. N. | last5 = Petroff | first5 = F. | last6 = Etienne | first6 = P. | last7 = Creuzet | first7 = G. | last8 = Friederich | first8 = A. | last9 = Chazelas | first9 = J. | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.61.2472 | title = Giant Magnetoresistance of (001)Fe/(001)Cr Magnetic Superlattices | journal = Physical Review Letters | volume = 61 | issue = 21 | pages = 2472–2475 | year = 1988 | pmid =  10039127|bibcode = 1988PhRvL..61.2472B | url = http://www.lume.ufrgs.br/bitstream/10183/99075/1/000014840.pdf | doi-access = free }}</ref> and [[Peter Grünberg]] et al. (1988).<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Binasch | first1 = G. | last2 = Grünberg | first2 = P. | last3 = Saurenbach | first3 = F. | last4 = Zinn | first4 = W. | title = Enhanced magnetoresistance in layered magnetic structures with antiferromagnetic interlayer exchange | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevB.39.4828 | journal = Physical Review B | volume = 39 | issue = 7 | pages = 4828–4830 | year = 1989 | pmid =  9948867|bibcode = 1989PhRvB..39.4828B | doi-access = free }}</ref> The origin of spintronics can be traced to the ferromagnet/superconductor tunneling experiments pioneered by Meservey and Tedrow and initial experiments on magnetic tunnel junctions by Julliere in the 1970s.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Julliere | first1 = M. | title = Tunneling between ferromagnetic films | doi = 10.1016/0375-9601(75)90174-7 | journal = Physics Letters A | volume = 54 | issue = 3 | pages = 225–226| year = 1975 |bibcode = 1975PhLA...54..225J }}</ref> The use of semiconductors for spintronics began with the theoretical proposal of a spin field-effect-transistor by [[Supriyo Datta|Datta]] and Das in 1990<ref>{{cite journal| doi =  10.1063/1.102730| author =  Datta, S.| author2 =  Das, B.| name-list-style =  amp |title = Electronic analog of the electrooptic modulator|journal = Applied Physics Letters| volume = 56| pages = 665–667|date = 1990|bibcode = 1990ApPhL..56..665D| issue =  7 }}</ref> and of the [[electric dipole spin resonance]] by [[Emmanuel Rashba|Rashba]] in 1960.<ref>E. I. Rashba, Cyclotron and combined resonances in a perpendicular field, Sov. Phys. Solid State  '''2''', 1109 -1122 (1960)</ref>