Editing Sports science (section)

== Origins of exercise physiology ==
{{main|Exercise physiology}}

Sports science can trace its origins back to Ancient Greece. The noted ancient Greek physician [[Galen]] (131–201) wrote 87 detailed essays about improving health (proper nutrition), aerobic fitness, and strengthening muscles.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Berryman |first1=Jack |last2=Park |first2=Roberta |title=Sport and Exercise Science |date=1992 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |location=Urbana and Chicago |isbn=0-252-01896-6 |pages=14–19 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TVklQ4FX76wC&q=Galen+sports+science&pg=PA14 |access-date=18 January 2019 |archive-date=27 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227153052/https://books.google.com/books?id=TVklQ4FX76wC&q=Galen+sports+science&pg=PA14 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Victoria and Albert Museum |first=Online Museum |date=14 July 2011 |title=Health & Medicine |url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/h/health-and-medicine-in-the-19th-century/ |access-date=29 April 2022 |website=www.vam.ac.uk |archive-date=22 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322210608/http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/h/health-and-medicine-in-the-19th-century/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Galen detail.jpg|thumb|Galen]]

New ideas upon the working and functioning of the human body emerged during the [[Renaissance]] as anatomists and physicians challenged the previously known theories.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mesquita |first1=Evandro Tinoco |last2=de Souza Júnior |first2=Celso Vale |last3=Ferreira |first3=Thiago Reigado |date=2015 |title=Andreas Vesalius 500 years – A Renaissance that revolutionized cardiovascular knowledge |journal=Revista Brasileira de Cirurgia Cardiovascular |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=260–265 |doi=10.5935/1678-9741.20150024 |pmc=4462973 |pmid=26107459}}</ref> These spread with the implementation of the printed word, the result of [[Johannes Gutenberg|Gutenberg]]'s printing press in the 15th century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Background: The Printing Press and the Spread of Ideas {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/background-printing-press-and-spread-ideas |access-date=29 April 2022 |website=www.encyclopedia.com |archive-date=29 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429014023/https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/background-printing-press-and-spread-ideas |url-status=live }}</ref> Allied with this was a large increase in academia in general, universities were forming all around the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Universities |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195399301/obo-9780195399301-0033.xml |access-date=29 April 2022 |website=obo |language=en |archive-date=29 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429013854/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195399301/obo-9780195399301-0033.xml |url-status=live }}</ref> Importantly, these new scholars went beyond the simplistic notions of the early Greek physicians, and shed light upon the complexities of the circulatory, and digestive systems.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of the Stomach and Intestines |url=https://web.stanford.edu/class/history13/earlysciencelab/body/stomachpages/stomachcolonintestines.html#:~:text=Renaissance%20anatomists%20continued%20to%20moralize,both%20spiritual%20and%20natural%20members |access-date=29 April 2022 |website=web.stanford.edu |archive-date=30 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830011445/https://web.stanford.edu/class/history13/earlysciencelab/body/stomachpages/stomachcolonintestines.html#:~:text=Renaissance%20anatomists%20continued%20to%20moralize,both%20spiritual%20and%20natural%20members |url-status=live }}</ref> Furthermore, by the middle of the 19th century, early medical schools (such as the [[Harvard Medical School]], formed 1782) began appearing in the United States, whose graduates went on to assume positions of importance in academia and allied medical research.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Flexner |first=Abraham |date=1 June 1910 |title=Medical Education in America |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1910/06/medical-education-in-america/306088/ |access-date=29 April 2022 |website=The Atlantic |language=en |archive-date=17 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317210254/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1910/06/medical-education-in-america/306088/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Medical journal publications increased significantly in number during this period. In 1898, three articles on physical activity appeared in the first volume of the '' [[American Journal of Physiology]]''. Other articles and reviews subsequently appeared in prestigious journals. The German applied physiology publication, ''Internationale Zeitschrift fur Physiologie einschliesslich Arbeitphysiologie '' (1929–1940; now known as the [[:nl:European Journal of Applied Physiology|European Journal of Applied Physiology]] and Occupational Physiology), became a significant journal in the field of research.

A number of key figures have made significant contributions to the study of sports science: 
* [[Austin Flint, 2nd|Austin Flint, Jr]]., (1836–1915) One of the first American pioneer physicians, studied physiological responses to exercise in his influential medical textbooks.<ref>{{cite book |last1=McArdle |first1=William |last2=Katch |first2=Frank |last3=Katch |first3=Victor |title=Essentials of Exercise Physiology |date=2006 |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |location=United States of America |isbn=0-7817-4991-3 |page=8 |edition=3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L4aZIDbmV3oC&q=austin+flint+jr+textbook&pg=PA8 |access-date=18 January 2019 |archive-date=27 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227153052/https://books.google.com/books?id=L4aZIDbmV3oC&q=austin+flint+jr+textbook&pg=PA8 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Edward Hitchcock, Jr.]], (1828–1911) [[Amherst College]] Professor of Hygiene and Physical Education, devoted his academic career to the scientific study of physical exercise, training, and the body. Coauthored 1860 text on exercise physiology.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sweet |first1=William |title=150 Years Ago: Amherst Established Nation's First College Health Program |url=https://www.amherst.edu/news/news_releases/2011/08/node/337711/ |website=amherst.edu |publisher=Amherst College |access-date=18 January 2019 |archive-date=5 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205085851/https://www.amherst.edu/news/news_releases/2011/08/node/337711/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* George Wells Fitz, M.D. (1860–1934) Created the first departmental major in Anatomy, Physiology, and Physical Training at Harvard University in 1891.<ref>{{cite book |last1=McArdle |first1=William |last2=Katch |first2=Frank |last3=Katch |first3=Victor |title=Essentials of Exercise Physiology |date=2006 |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |location=USA |isbn=0-7817-4991-3 |page=9 |edition=3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L4aZIDbmV3oC&q=austin+flint+jr+textbook&pg=PA8 |access-date=18 January 2019 |archive-date=27 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227153052/https://books.google.com/books?id=L4aZIDbmV3oC&q=austin+flint+jr+textbook&pg=PA8 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[August Krogh]] (1874–1949) Won the 1920 Nobel Prize in physiology for discovering the mechanism that controlled capillary blood flow in resting or active muscle.<ref>{{cite web |title=August Krogh Biographical |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1920/krogh/biographical/ |website=NobelPrize.org |publisher=The Nobel Prize Organization |access-date=18 January 2019 |archive-date=28 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328010819/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1920/krogh/biographical/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Per-Olof Åstrand]] (1922–2015) Professor at the Department of Physiology, [[Karolinska Institute]], Stockholm. Wrote a seminal paper which evaluated the physical working capacity of men and women aged 4–33 years.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Astrand |first1=Per-Olof |last2=Rodahl |first2=Kaare |last3=Dahl |first3=Hans |last4=Stromme |first4=Sigmund |title=The Textbook of Work Physiology |date=2003 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |location=USA |isbn=0-7360-0140-9 |pages=260–288 |edition=4th |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BC9SiAsUPqsC&q=age&pg=PR5 |access-date=18 January 2019 |archive-date=27 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227153054/https://books.google.com/books?id=BC9SiAsUPqsC&q=age&pg=PR5 |url-status=live }}</ref>