Editing Sprouting (section)

==Suitable seeds==
{{Further|Broccoli sprouts|Mung bean sprout|Soybean sprout|Wheat sprout}}
[[File:Tauge kasar vs tauge halus.jpg|thumb|[[Soybean sprout]] next to a smaller [[mung bean sprout]]]]
[[File:2019 Jan 18 - Kumbh Mela - Sprouts.jpg|thumb|Sprouts sold as snacks during [[Kumbh Mela]] festival]]

All viable seeds can be sprouted, but some sprouts, such as kidney beans, should not be eaten raw.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Perkins|first=Sharon|date=2019|title=Are kidney beans toxic?|url=https://www.livestrong.com/article/409651-danger-of-raw-red-kidney-beans/|access-date=March 14, 2021}}</ref>

'''Bean sprouts''' are a common ingredient across the world. They are particularly common in [[East Asian cuisine|Eastern Asian cuisine]]. It typically takes one week for them to become fully grown. The sprouted beans are more nutritious than the original beans, and they require much less cooking time. There are two common types of bean sprouts:

* [[File:DM3195-1-2-1-2-001.jpg|alt=Two women sat at a low table sorting bean sprouts. A large bowl of sprouts is by their side. A child in the background is playfighting, amusing one of the women.|thumb|Women trimming bean sprouts in the street photographic slide by [[Joy Larkcom|Joy Larkhom]] 1985]][[Mung bean sprout]]s, made from greenish-capped [[mung bean]]s
* [[Soybean sprout]]s, made from yellow, large-grained [[soybean]]s

Common sprouts used as food include:
* [[Fabaceae|Pulses/legumes]] (pea family) - bean sprouts:
*:[[alfalfa]], [[clover]], [[fenugreek]], [[lentil]], [[pea]], [[chickpea]] (garbanzo), [[mung bean]], and [[soybean|soy bean]]
* [[Cereal]]s (grasses):
*:[[oat]], [[wheat]], [[maize]] (corn), [[rice]], [[barley]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=March 29, 2019|title=How to Malt Barley|url=https://www.wikihow.com/Malt-Barley|access-date=March 14, 2021|website=wikiHow}}</ref> and [[rye]]
* [[Pseudocereal]]s:
*:[[quinoa]], [[amaranth]], and [[buckwheat]]
* [[Oilseed]]s:
*:[[sesame]], [[sunflower]], [[almond]], [[hazelnut]], [[hemp]], [[linseed]], and [[peanut]]
* [[Brassica]] (cabbage family):
*:[[broccoli]], [[cabbage]], [[watercress]], [[mustard plant|mustard]], [[mizuna]], [[radish]], and [[daikon]] (''kaiware-daikon'' in Japanese cuisine), [[arugula]], [[tatsoi]], and [[turnip]]
* [[Umbelliferous]] vegetables (parsley family) - these may be used more as [[microgreen]]s than sprouts:
*:[[carrot]], [[celery]], [[fennel]], and [[parsley]].
* [[Allium]] (onion family) - cannot distinguish sprouts from [[microgreen]]s:
*:[[onion]], [[leek]], and [[scallion|green onion]] (''me-negi'' in [[Japanese cuisine]])
* Other vegetables and herbs:
*:[[spinach]], [[lettuce]], [[milk thistle]], and [[lemon grass]]{{citation needed|date=April 2012|reason=googling "lemon grass sprout" returns almost zero results as this type of food}}

Although whole [[oats]] can be sprouted, oat [[Groat (grain)|''groats'']] sold in food stores, which are [[Husk|dehulled]] and have been steamed or roasted to prevent [[Rancidification|rancidity]], will not sprout. Whole oats may have an indigestible hull which makes them difficult or even unfit for human consumption.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}} In the case of [[rice]], the [[Rice hulls|husk]] of the paddy is removed before sprouting. [[Brown rice]] is widely used for germination in Japan and other countries, becoming [[germinated brown rice]]. [[Quinoa]] in its natural state is very easy to sprout, but when polished, or pre-cleaned of its [[saponin]] coating (becoming whiter), it loses its power to germinate.

Sprouts of the family [[Solanaceae]] (tomato, potato, paprika, and aubergine/eggplant) and the family [[Polygonaceae]] ([[rhubarb]]) cannot be eaten raw, as they can be poisonous.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Donald G. Barceloux  |title=Potatoes, Tomatoes, and Solanine Toxicity (Solanum tuberosum L., Solanum lycopersicum L.)|doi=10.1016/j.disamonth.2009.03.009|volume=55|issue=6|journal=Disease-a-Month|pages=391–402|pmid=19446683|date=June 2009}} {{subscription required}}</ref> Some sprouts can be cooked to remove the relevant [[toxin]], while others cannot.{{Citation needed|date=May 2018}}{{Example needed|date=August 2019}}

With all seeds, care should be taken that they are intended for sprouting or human consumption, rather than [[sowing]]. Seeds intended for sowing may be treated with toxic chemical dressings. Several countries, such as New Zealand, require that some varieties of imported edible seed be [[heat-treated]], thus making it impossible for them to sprout.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}

===The germination process===
[[Image:Sprouting mung beans in a jar.jpg|thumb|150px|Sprouting [[mung bean]]s in a glass sprouter jar with a green plastic [[sieve]]-lid]]

The germination process takes a few days and can be done at home manually, as a semi-automated process, or industrially on a large scale for commercial use. The time it takes for germination depends on the type of seed and their environment.

Typically the seeds are first rinsed to remove soil, dirt and the [[mucilaginous]] substances produced by some seeds when they come in contact with water. Then they are soaked for from 20 minutes to 12 hours, depending on the type and size of the seed. The soaking increases the water content in the seeds and brings them out of [[Seed dormancy|quiescence]]. After draining and then rinsing seeds at regular intervals, the seeds then [[germinate]], or sprout.

For home sprouting, the seeds are soaked (big seeds) or moistened (small), then left at room temperature ({{convert|13|to|21|C|F|disp=or}}) in a sprouting vessel. Many different types of vessels can be used as a sprouting vessel. One type is a simple glass jar with a piece of cloth or nylon window screen secured over its rim. Tiered clear-plastic sprouters are commercially available, allowing a number of crops to be grown simultaneously.  By staggering sowings, a constant supply of young sprouts can be ensured. Any vessel used for sprouting must allow water to drain from it, because sprouts that sit in water will rot quickly. The seeds swell, may stick to the sides of the jar, and begin germinating within a day or two.

Another sprouting technique is to use a [[pulse drip irrigation|pulse drip method]]. The photo below on the right shows crimson clover sprouts grown on {{cvt|1/8|in|mm|order=flip|0}} urethane foam mats. It is a one-way watering system with micro-sprinklers providing intermittent pulses of fresh water to reduce the risk of bacterial cross-contamination with Salmonella and E. coli during the sprouting process.

[[File:Crimson clover sprouts.jpg|Crimson clover sprouts grown on {{cvt|1/8|in|mm|order=flip|0}} urethane foam mats with a [[pulse drip irrigation|pulse drip]] technique. Four micro-sprinklers cycle pulsing continuously over a 7-day period, each putting out about {{cvt|1/2|USgal|L|0|order=flip}} per hour. The four micro-sprinklers were each fitted with an LPD<ref>{{cite web|title=Super LPD|url=http://www.naandanjain.com/products/micro-sprinklers/accessories-for-micro/leakage-prevention-device/|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110630102937/http://www.naandanjain.com/products/micro-sprinklers/accessories-for-micro/leakage-prevention-device/ }}</ref> to keep the lines fully charged between pulses.|thumb]]

Sprouts are rinsed two to four times a day, depending on the climate and the type of seed, to provide them with moisture and prevent them from souring.  Each seed has its own ideal sprouting time.  After three to five days the sprouts will have grown {{convert|5|to|8|cm|frac=2}} in length and will be suitable for consumption. If left longer they will begin to develop leaves, and are then known as baby greens. A popular baby green is a sunflower after 7–10 days. Refrigeration can be used as needed to slow or halt the growth process of any sprout.

Common causes for sprouts becoming inedible:
* Seeds are not rinsed well enough before soaking
* Seeds are left in standing water after the initial soaking
* Seeds are allowed to dry out
* Temperature is too high or too low
* Dirty equipment
* Insufficient air flow
* Contaminated water source
* Poor germination rate

[[Mung bean]]s can be sprouted either in light or dark conditions. Those sprouted in the dark will be crisper in texture and whiter, as in the case of commercially available Chinese Bean Sprouts, but these have less nutritional content than those grown in partial sunlight.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}} Growing in full sunlight is not recommended, because it can cause the beans to overheat or dry out. Subjecting the sprouts to pressure, for example, by placing a weight on top of them in their sprouting container, will result in larger, crunchier sprouts similar to those sold in grocery stores.

A very effective way to sprout beans like [[lentil]]s or [[azuki]] is in colanders.  Soak the beans in water for about 8 hours then place in the [[colander]]. Wash twice a day. The sprouted beans can be eaten raw or cooked.

Sprouting is also applied on a large scale to barley as a part of the malting process. [[Malted barley|Malted]] barley is an important ingredient in beer and is used in large quantities. Most malted barley is widely distributed among retail sellers in North America.

Many varieties of nuts, such as almonds and peanuts, can also be started in their growth cycle by soaking and sprouting, although because the sprouts are generally still very small when eaten, they are usually called "soaks".