Editing Stanford University (section)

== History ==
[[File:Statue of Stanford Family.jpg|thumb|left|Campus statue of the Stanfords]]
{{Main|History of Stanford University}}

Stanford University was founded in 1885 by [[Leland Stanford|Leland]] and [[Jane Stanford]] as a tribute to the memory of their only child, [[Leland Stanford Jr.]] The university officially opened in 1891 on the Stanfords' former Palo Alto farm. Modeled after the great Eastern universities, specifically [[Cornell University]] in [[Ithaca, New York]], Stanford was often referred to as the "Cornell of the West" in its early years. This comparison was largely due to a significant portion of its faculty being former Cornell affiliates, including its first president, [[David Starr Jordan]], and its second president, [[John Casper Branner]]. Both Cornell and Stanford were among the first to make higher education accessible, non-sectarian, and inclusive of women and men. Cornell is recognized as one of the first American universities to embrace this progressive approach to education, and Stanford quickly followed suit, solidifying its commitment to these ideals.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Davis |first1=Margo Baumgartner |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oe0qpzomMwkC&pg=PA14 |title=The Stanford Album: A Photographic History, 1885–1945 |last2=Nilan |first2=Roxanne |date=1989 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-1639-0 |page=14 |language=en-US}}</ref> 
[[File:1891 Stanford.jpg|thumb|left|Center of the campus in 1891<ref>{{cite book |last1=Davis |first1=Margo |title=The Stanford Album: A Photographic History, 1885–1945 |last2=Nilan |first2=Roxanne |date=November 1, 1989 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-1639-0 |language=en-US}}</ref>]]
[[File:Portrait of David Starr Jordan.jpg|thumb|right|Ichthyologist and founding president of Stanford, [[David Starr Jordan]]]]
From an architectural perspective, the Stanfords sought to distinguish their university by emulating the style of English university buildings while also incorporating elements of local California heritage. They specified in the founding grant that the buildings should "be like the old adobe houses of the early Spanish days; they will be one-storied; they will have deep window seats and open fireplaces, and the roofs will be covered with the familiar dark red tiles."<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 11, 1885 |title=Founding Grant with Amendments |url=https://wasc.stanford.edu/sites/g/files/sbiybj10311/f/foundinggrant.pdf |access-date=May 7, 2021 |archive-date=May 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507105719/https://wasc.stanford.edu/sites/g/files/sbiybj10311/f/foundinggrant.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> The Stanfords also hired renowned landscape architect [[Frederick Law Olmsted]], who previously designed the Cornell campus, to design the Stanford campus.<ref>{{Cite web |last=University |first=Office of the Registrar-Stanford |title=Stanford Bulletin – Stanford University |url=https://web.stanford.edu/dept/registrar/bulletin0809/4796.htm |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=web.stanford.edu |archive-date=April 1, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401120555/https://web.stanford.edu/dept/registrar/bulletin0809/4796.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
When [[Leland Stanford]] died in 1893, the continued existence of the university was put in jeopardy due to a federal lawsuit against his estate, but [[Jane Stanford]] insisted the university remain in operation throughout the financial crisis.<ref name=":5">{{cite book |author=Edith R. |first=Mirrielees |title=Stanford: The Story of a University |publisher=G. P. Putnam's Sons |year=1959 |pages=82–91 |language=en-US |lccn=59013788}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nilan |first1=Roxanne |year=1979 |title=Jane Lathrop Stanford and the Domestication of Stanford University, 1893–1905 |journal=San Jose Studies |language=en-US |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=7–30}}</ref> The university suffered major damage from the [[1906 San Francisco earthquake]]; most of the damage was repaired, but a new library and gymnasium were demolished, and some original features of [[Stanford Memorial Church|Memorial Church]] and the [[Main Quad (Stanford University)|Quad]] were never restored.<ref>{{cite web |title=Post-destruction decisions |url=http://quake06.stanford.edu/centennial/tour/stop2.html |access-date=May 3, 2021 |work=Stanford University and the 1906 Earthquake |language=en-US |archive-date=June 4, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604212600/http://quake06.stanford.edu/centennial/tour/stop2.html |url-status=live }}</ref> During the early-20th century, the university added four professional graduate schools. [[Stanford University School of Medicine]] was established in 1908 when the university acquired [[Cooper Medical College]] in San Francisco;<ref>{{cite web |title=Stanford University School of Medicine and the Predecessor Schools: An Historical Perspective. Part IV: Cooper Medical College 1883–1912. Chapter 30. Consolidation with Stanford University 1906 – 1912 |url=https://lane.stanford.edu/med-history/wilson/chap30.html |access-date=June 5, 2018 |work=Stanford Medical History Center |language=en-US |archive-date=June 11, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180611041857/http://lane.stanford.edu/med-history/wilson/chap30.html |url-status=live }}</ref> it moved to the Stanford campus in 1959.<ref>{{cite web |title=Stanford University School of Medicine and the Predecessor Schools: An Historical Perspective Part V. The Stanford Era 1909– Chapter 37. The New Stanford Medical Center Planning and Building 1953 – 1959 |url=https://lane.stanford.edu/med-history/wilson/chap37.html |access-date=June 5, 2018 |work=Stanford Medical History Center |language=en-US |archive-date=June 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603113813/https://lane.stanford.edu/med-history/wilson/chap37.html |url-status=live }}</ref> 
[[File:William Shockley, Stanford University.jpg|thumb|right|[[William Shockley]], Stanford professor, Nobel laureate in physics, "Father of Silicon Valley"]]
The university's law department, established as an undergraduate curriculum in 1893, was transitioned into a professional [[Stanford Law School|law school]] starting in 1908 and received accreditation from the [[American Bar Association]] in 1923.<ref>{{cite web |title=ABA-Approved Law Schools by Year |url=http://www.americanbar.org/groups/legal_education/resources/aba_approved_law_schools/by_year_approved.html |access-date=April 20, 2011 |work=By Year Approved |language=en-US |archive-date=October 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020180951/http://www.americanbar.org/groups/legal_education/resources/aba_approved_law_schools/by_year_approved.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Stanford University Graduate School of Education]] grew out of the Department of the History and Art of Education, one of the original twenty-one departments at Stanford, and became a professional graduate school in 1917.<ref>{{cite web |date=September 17, 2018 |title=History |url=https://ed.stanford.edu/about/history |access-date=May 3, 2021 |work=Stanford Graduate School of Education |language=en-US |archive-date=July 4, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240704110901/https://ed.stanford.edu/about/history |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Stanford Graduate School of Business]] was founded in 1925 at the urging of then-trustee [[Herbert Hoover]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Our History |url=https://www.gsb.stanford.edu/experience/news-history/history |access-date=May 3, 2021 |work=Stanford Graduate School of Business |language=en-US |archive-date=May 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503200923/https://www.gsb.stanford.edu/experience/news-history/history |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1919, [[Hoover Institution|The Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace]] was started by [[Herbert Hoover]] to preserve artifacts related to [[World War I]]. The [[SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory]], established in 1962, performs research in particle physics.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Stanford University |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Stanford-University |date=November 27, 2019<!--from Britannica article history--> |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=August 8, 2016 |archive-date=September 25, 2015 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150925084448/http://www.britannica.com/topic/Stanford-University |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the 1940s and 1950s, [[Frederick Terman]], an engineering professor who later became provost, encouraged Stanford engineering graduates to start their own companies and invent products.<ref name="MSV49,50">{{cite book |author1=Lécuyer |first=Christophe |title=Making Silicon Valley: Innovation and the Growth of High Tech, 1930–1970 |date=August 24, 2007 |publisher=The MIT Press |isbn=978-0262622110 |edition=1st |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |pages=49–50 |language=en-US}}</ref> During the 1950s, he established [[Stanford Industrial Park]], a high-tech commercial campus on university land.<ref name="wipo">{{cite web |last1=Sandelin |first1=Jon |title=Co-Evolution of Stanford University & the Silicon Valley: 1950 to Today |url=http://www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/arab/en/wipo_idb_ip_ryd_07/wipo_idb_ip_ryd_07_1.pdf |access-date=January 23, 2018 |website=WIPO |publisher=Stanford University Office of Technology Licensing |language=en-US |archive-date=May 12, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240512023458/https://www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/arab/en/wipo_idb_ip_ryd_07/wipo_idb_ip_ryd_07_1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Also in the 1950s, [[William Shockley]], co-inventor of the silicon transistor, recipient of the 1956 [[Nobel Prize for Physics]], and later professor of physics at Stanford, moved to the Palo Alto area and founded a company, [[Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory]]. The next year, [[Traitorous eight|eight of his employees]] resigned and formed a competing company, [[Fairchild Semiconductor]]. The presence of so many high-tech and semiconductor firms helped to establish Stanford and the mid-[[San Francisco Peninsula|Peninsula]] as a hotbed of innovation, eventually named [[Silicon Valley]] after the key ingredient in transistors.<ref>Gillmor, C. Stewart. Fred Terman at Stanford: Building a Discipline, a University, and Silicon Valley. Stanford, CA: Stanford UP, 2004. Print.</ref> Shockley and Terman are both often described as the "fathers of Silicon Valley".<ref>{{cite web |last=Tajnai |first=Carolyn |date=May 1985 |title=Fred Terman, the Father of Silicon Valley |url=http://forum.stanford.edu/carolyn/terman |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141211020643/http://forum.stanford.edu/carolyn/terman |archive-date=December 11, 2014 |access-date=December 10, 2014 |website=Stanford Computer Forum |publisher=Carolyn Terman |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Rosenberg |first=Scott |date=July 19, 2017 |title=Silicon Valley's First Founder Was Its Worst |language=en-US |magazine=Wired |url=https://www.wired.com/story/silicon-valleys-first-founder-was-its-worst/ |url-status=live |access-date=January 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901020558/https://www.wired.com/story/silicon-valleys-first-founder-was-its-worst/ |archive-date=September 1, 2019 |issn=1059-1028}}</ref>

In the 1950s, [[Universities and antisemitism#Stanford|Stanford intentionally]] reduced and restricted Jewish admissions, and for decades, denied and dismissed claims from students, parents, and alumni that they were doing so.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Salahieh |first=Nouran |date=October 13, 2022 |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/10/13/us/stanford-apology-limiting-jewish-admissions-reaj/index.html |title=Stanford University apologizes for limiting Jewish student admissions during the 1950s |publisher=CNN |access-date=October 14, 2022 |archive-date=October 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013125329/https://edition.cnn.com/2022/10/13/us/stanford-apology-limiting-jewish-admissions-reaj/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Stanford issued its first institutional apology to the Jewish community in 2022 after an internal task force confirmed that the university deliberately discriminated against Jewish applicants, while also misleading those who expressed concerns, including students, parents, alumni, and the [[Anti-Defamation League|ADL]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pietsch |first=Bryan |date=2022-10-13 |title=Stanford apologizes for limiting admissions of Jewish students in 1950s |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2022/10/13/stanford-jewish-students-admissions-apology/ |access-date=2023-08-11 |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=June 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622044852/https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2022/10/13/stanford-jewish-students-admissions-apology/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dremann |first=Sue |date=October 14, 2022 |title=Stanford apologizes for historical bias against Jewish students |url=https://www.paloaltoonline.com/news/2022/10/14/stanford-apologizes-for-historical-bias-against-jewish-students |work=Palo Alto Weekly |access-date=October 3, 2023 |archive-date=October 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005022625/https://www.paloaltoonline.com/news/2022/10/14/stanford-apologizes-for-historical-bias-against-jewish-students |url-status=live }}</ref> Stanford was once considered a school for "the wealthy",<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wallace |first1=J. E. |date=July 3, 1985 |title=History scholar built stanford into top school |language=en-US |publisher=The Globe and Mail |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1435607944 |access-date=30 January 2023 |id={{ProQuest|1435607944}}}}</ref> but controversies in later decades damaged its reputation. The 1971 [[Stanford prison experiment]] was criticized as unethical,<ref>The Belmont Report, Office of the Secretary, Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research, The National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects for Biomedical and Behavioral Research, April 18, 1979</ref> and the misuse of government funds from 1981 resulted in severe penalties for the school's research funding,<ref>{{cite web |date=October 18, 1994 |title=Stanford, government agree to settle a dispute over research costs |url=http://news.stanford.edu/pr/94/941018Arc4090.html |access-date=August 22, 2014 |website=stanford.edu |publisher=News.stanford.edu |language=en-US |archive-date=April 8, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408204952/http://news.stanford.edu/pr/94/941018Arc4090.html |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Los Angeles Times">{{cite news |last=Merl |first=Jean |date=July 30, 1991 |title=Stanford President, Beset by Controversies, Will Quit: Education: Donald Kennedy to step down next year. Research scandal, harassment charge plagued university. |language=en-US |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-07-30-mn-131-story.html |access-date=May 16, 2020 |archive-date=January 19, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119083447/http://articles.latimes.com/1991-07-30/news/mn-131_1_donald-kennedy |url-status=live }}</ref> and the resignation of President [[Donald Kennedy]] in 1992.<ref name="articles.baltimoresun.com">{{cite news |last=Folkenflik |first=David |date=November 20, 1994 |title=What Happened to Stanford's Expense Scandal? |language=en-US |newspaper=Baltimore Sun |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/1994/11/20/what-happened-to-stanfords-expense-scandal/ |access-date=September 28, 2021 |archive-date=October 20, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020072302/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1994-11-20/news/1994324051_1_stanford-incidental-expenses-auditors |url-status=live}}</ref>

In the 1960s, Stanford rose from a regional university to one of the most prestigious in the United States, "when it appeared on lists of the "top ten" universities in America... This swift rise to performance [was] understood at the time as related directly to the university's defense contracts..."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lowen |first=Rebecca S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e0bVC2FEoSwC&dq=stanford+prestige+early+20th+century&pg=PA7 |title=Creating the Cold War University: The Transformation of Stanford |date=July 1, 1997 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-91790-3 |edition=1st |location=US |pages=7 |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Wallace Sterling]] was the President from 1949 to 1968 and he oversaw the growth of Stanford from a financially troubled regional university to a financially sound, internationally recognized academic powerhouse, "the Harvard of the West".<ref name="Roxanne">Roxanne L. Nilan, and Cassius L. Kirk Jr., '' Stanford's Wallace Sterling: Portrait of a Presidency 1949–1968'' (Stanford Up, 2023),</ref> Achievements during Sterling's tenure included:
*Moving the [[Stanford Medical School]] from a small, inadequate campus in San Francisco to a new facility on the Stanford campus which was fully integrated into the university to an unusual degree for medical schools.<ref name="Roxanne"/>
*Establishing the Stanford Industrial Park (now the [[Stanford Research Park]]) and the Stanford Shopping Center on leased University land, thus stabilizing the university's finances. The Stanford Industrial Park, together with the university's aggressive pursuit of government research grants, helped to spur the development of [[Silicon Valley]].<ref name="Roxanne"/>
*Increasing the number of students receiving financial aid from less than 5% when he took office to more than one-third when he retired.<ref name="Roxanne"/>
*Increasing the size of the student body from 8,300 to 11,300 and the size of the tenured faculty from 322 to 974.<ref name="Roxanne"/>
*Launching the PACE fundraising program, the largest such program ever undertaken by any university up to that time.<ref name="Roxanne"/>
*Launching a building boom on campus that included a new bookstore, post office, student union, dormitories, a faculty club, and many academic buildings.<ref name="Roxanne"/>
*Creating the Overseas Campus program for undergraduates in 1958.<ref name="Roxanne"/>