Editing Strikeout (section)

==Rules and jargon==
A pitched ball is ruled a ''ball'' by the [[Umpire (baseball)|umpire]] if the batter did not swing at it and, in that umpire's judgement, it does not pass through the [[strike zone]]. Any pitch at which the batter swings unsuccessfully or, that in that umpire's judgement passes through the strike zone, is ruled a ''strike''. Each ball and strike affects the [[Count (baseball)|count]], which is incremented for each pitched ball with the exception of a [[foul ball]] on any count with two strikes. That is, a third strike may only occur by the batter swinging and missing at a pitched ball, or the pitched ball being ruled a strike by the umpire with no swing by the batter. A pitched ball that is struck by the batter with the [[Baseball bat|bat]] on any count, and is not a foul ball or [[foul tip]], is ''in play''. A batter may also strike out by bunting, even if the ball is hit into foul territory.

A pitcher receives credit for (and a batter is charged with) a strikeout on any third strike, but a batter is [[out (baseball)|out]] only if one of the following is true:

#The third strike is pitched and caught in flight by the catcher (including foul tips);
#On any third strike, if a [[baserunning|baserunner]] is on [[first base|first]] and there are at most 1 out;
#The third strike is [[Bunt (baseball)|bunted]] foul and is not caught by a fielder.

Thus, it is possible for a batter to strike out, but still become a runner and reach base safely if the [[catcher]] is unable to catch the third strike cleanly, and he then does not either tag out the batter or [[Force play|force]] him out at first base. In Japan, this is called {{nihongo|''furinige''|振り逃げ}}, or "swing and escape". In Major League Baseball, it is known as an [[uncaught third strike]]. When this happens, a strikeout is recorded for both the pitcher and the batter, but no out is recorded. Because of this, a pitcher may occasionally be able to record more than three strikeouts in one [[inning]].

It is also possible for a strikeout to result in a [[fielder's choice]]. With the bases loaded and two strikes with two outs, the catcher drops the ball or catches it on the bounce. The batter-runner is obliged to run for first base and other base-runners are obliged to attempt to advance one base. Should the catcher field the ball and step on home plate before the runner from third base can score, then the runner from third base is forced out.

In [[baseball scorekeeping]], a swinging strikeout is recorded as a K or a '''K-S'''.  A strikeout looking (where the batter does not swing at a pitch that the umpire then calls strike three) is often scored with a backwards K ('''ꓘ'''), and sometimes as a '''K-L''', '''CK''', or '''Kc''' (the 'c' for 'called' strike).  In terms of gameplay, swinging and looking strikeouts are exactly equivalent; the difference in notation is simply to record this aspect of the time at bat.  Despite the scorekeeping custom of using "K" for strikeout, "SO" is the official abbreviation used by Major League Baseball.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/official_info/baseball_basics/abbreviations.jsp |title=The Official Site of Major League Baseball: Official info: Baseball Basics: Abbreviations |publisher=Mlb.mlb.com |date=May 24, 2013 |access-date=June 6, 2013}}</ref>

"K" is still commonly used by fans and enthusiasts for purposes other than official record-keeping. One baseball ritual involves fans attaching a succession of small "K" signs to the nearest railing, one added for every strikeout notched by the home team's pitcher, following a tradition started by [[New York Mets]] fans in honor of "Dr. K", [[Dwight Gooden]]. The "K" may be reversed ('''ꓘ''') in cases where the batter strikes out looking, just as it would appear on a scorecard.  Virtually every televised display of a high-strikeout major league game will include a shot of a fan's strikeout display, and if the pitcher continues to strike out batters, the display may be shown following every strikeout.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}}

The use of "K" for a strikeout was invented by [[Henry Chadwick (writer)|Henry Chadwick]], a newspaper journalist who is widely credited as the originator of the [[box score]] and the [[baseball scorekeeping|baseball scorecard]]. As is true in much of baseball, both the box score and scorecard remain largely unchanged to this day. Chadwick decided to use "K", the last letter in "struck", since the letter "S" was used for "sacrifice". Chadwick was responsible for several other scorekeeping conventions, including the use of numbers to designate player positions.<ref>{{cite web | title=In baseball scoring, why is a strikeout marked with a K? | work=Thestraightdope.com | url=http://www.straightdope.com/mailbag/mstrike.html | access-date= December 20, 2005}}</ref>

Those unaware of Chadwick's contributions have speculated that "K" was derived from the last name of 19th-century pitcher [[Matt Kilroy]]. If not for the evidence supporting Chadwick's earlier use of "K", this explanation would be reasonable. Kilroy raised the prominence of the strikeout, setting an all-time single-season record of 513 strikeouts in 1886, only two years after overhand pitching was permitted. His record, however, is limited to its era since the pitcher's mound was only {{convert|50|ft|m}} from the batter during that season. It was moved to its current distance of 60'6" in 1893. The modern record (1901–present) is 383 strikeouts, held by [[Nolan Ryan]], one better than [[Sandy Koufax]]'s 382.

For 55 years, [[Walter Johnson]] held the career strikeout record, at 3,508. That record fell in 1982 to Nolan Ryan, who was then passed by [[Steve Carlton]], before Ryan took the career strikeout record for good at 5,714.