Editing Subartu (section)

== History ==
[[File: Near_East_topographic_map_with_toponyms_3000bc-en.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Another possible location of Subartu.]]
The earliest references to the "four-quarters" by the kings of Akkad name Subartu as one of these quarters around Akkad, along with Martu, [[Elam]], and Sumer.  Subartu in the earliest texts seem to have been farming mountain dwellers, frequently raided for slaves.

[[Eannatum]] of [[Lagash]] was said to have smitten Subartu or Shubur, and it was listed as a province of the empire of [[Lugal-Anne-Mundu]]; in a later era [[Sargon of Akkad]] campaigned against Subar, and his grandson [[Naram-Sin of Akkad|Naram-Sin]] listed Subar along with [[Armani (kingdom)|Armani]], which has been identified with [[Aleppo]],<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=P8fl8BXpR0MC&dq=ebla+arman&pg=PA82 Wayne Horowitz, "Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography", Eisenbrauns 1998] {{ISBN|0-931464-99-4}}</ref> among the lands under his control. [[Ishbi-Erra]] of [[Isin]] and [[Hammurabi]] also claimed victories over Subar.

Three of the 14th-century BC [[Amarna letters]] – Akkadian cuneiform correspondence found in Egypt – mention ''Subari'' as a toponym.  All are addressed to [[Akhenaten]]; in two (EA 108 and 109), [[Rib-Hadda]], king of [[Byblos]], complains that [[Abdi-Ashirta]], ruler of Amurru, had sold captives to Subari, while another (EA 100), from the city of [[Arqa|Irqata]], also alludes to having transferred captured goods to Subari.

There is also a mention of "Subartu" in the 8th century BC ''Poem of [[Erra (god)|Erra]]'' (IV, 132), along with other lands that have harassed Babylonia<ref>BOTTERO Jean, KRAMER Samuel Noah, ''Lorsque les dieux faisaient l'homme'', Gallimard, Paris, 1989, p.704.</ref> in [[Neo-Babylonian Empire|Neo-Babylonian]] times (under [[Nabopolassar]], [[Nebuchadnezzar II]] and [[Nabonidus]]).

Subartu may have been in the general sphere of influence of the [[Hurrians]].<ref>Finkelstein J.J., "Subartu and Subarians in Old Babylonian Sources", Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol 9, no. 1, 1955</ref>