Editing Subitizing (section)

==Enumerating afterimages==
As the derivation of the term "subitizing" suggests, the feeling associated with making a number judgment within the subitizing range is one of immediately being aware of the displayed elements.<ref name= "jevons"/> When the number of objects presented exceeds the subitizing range, this feeling is lost, and observers commonly report an impression of shifting their viewpoint around the display, until all the elements presented have been counted.<ref name="kaufman"/> The ability of observers to count the number of items within a display can be limited, either by the rapid presentation and subsequent masking of items,<ref>{{Cite journal |author1=Mandler, G. |author2=Shebo, B.J. |name-list-style=amp |year=1982 |title=Subitizing: An analysis of its component processes |journal=Journal of Experimental Psychology: General |volume=111 |issue=1 |pages=1–22 |doi=10.1037/0096-3445.111.1.1|pmid=6460833 }}</ref> or by requiring observers to respond quickly.<ref name="kaufman"/> Both procedures have little, if any, effect on enumeration within the subitizing range. These techniques may restrict the ability of observers to count items by limiting the degree to which observers can shift their "zone of attention"<ref>{{Cite journal |author1=LaBerge, D. |author2=Carlson, R.L. |author3=Williams, J.K. |author4=Bunney, B.G. |name-list-style=amp |year=1997 |title=Shifting attention in visual space: Tests of moving-spotlight models versus an activity-distribution model |journal=Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance |volume=23 |pages=1380–1392 |doi=10.1037/0096-1523.23.5.1380 |issue=5 |pmid=9336958}}</ref> successively to different elements within the display.

Atkinson, Campbell, and Francis<ref name="atkinson">{{Cite journal |author1=Atkinson, J. |author2=Campbell, F.W. |author3=Francis, M.R. |name-list-style=amp |year=1976 |title=The magic number 4±0: A new look at visual numerosity judgements |journal=Perception |volume=5 |pages=327–334 |doi=10.1068/p050327 |pmid=980674 |issue=3|s2cid=26319756 }}</ref> demonstrated that visual [[afterimages]] could be employed in order to achieve similar results. Using a flashgun to illuminate a line of white disks, they were able to generate intense afterimages in dark-adapted observers. Observers were required to verbally report how many disks had been presented, both at 10{{nbsp}}s and at 60{{nbsp}}s after the flashgun exposure. Observers reported being able to see all the disks presented for at least 10{{nbsp}}s, and being able to perceive at least some of the disks after 60{{nbsp}}s. Unlike simply displaying the images for 10 and 60 second intervals, when presented in the form of afterimages, eye movement cannot be employed for the purpose of counting: when the subjects move their eyes, the images also move. Despite a long period of time to enumerate the number of disks presented when the number of disks presented fell outside the subitizing range (i.e., 5–12 disks), observers made consistent enumeration errors in both the 10{{nbsp}}s and 60{{nbsp}}s conditions. In contrast, no errors occurred within the subitizing range (i.e., 1–4 disks), in either the 10{{nbsp}}s or 60{{nbsp}}s conditions.<ref name="simon">{{Cite journal |author1=Simon, T.J. |author2=Vaishnavi, S. |name-list-style=amp |year=1996 |title=Subitizing and counting depend on different attentional mechanisms: Evidence from visual enumeration in afterimages |journal=Perception & Psychophysics |volume=58 |issue=6 |pages=915–926 |doi=10.3758/BF03205493|pmid=8768186 |doi-access=free }}</ref>