Editing Subjunctive mood (section)

==Indo-European languages==

===Proto-Indo-European===
The [[Proto-Indo-European language]], the reconstructed common ancestor of the [[Indo-European languages]], had two closely related moods: the subjunctive and the [[optative mood|optative]]. Many of its daughter languages combined or merged these moods.

In Indo-European, the subjunctive was formed by using the full [[Indo-European ablaut|ablaut]] grade of the root of the verb and appending the [[thematic vowel]] *''-e-'' or *''-o-'' to the root stem, with the full, primary set of personal inflections. The subjunctive was the Indo-European ''irrealis'', used for hypothetical or counterfactual situations.

The optative mood was formed with a suffix *''-ieh<sub>1</sub>'' or *''-ih<sub>1</sub>'' (with a [[laryngeal theory|laryngeal]]). The optative used the [[clitic]] set{{clarify|date=April 2013}} of secondary personal inflections. The optative was used to express wishes or hopes.

Among the Indo-European languages, only [[Albanian language|Albanian]], [[Avestan]], [[Ancient Greek]], and [[Sanskrit]] kept the subjunctive and the optative fully separate and parallel. However, in Sanskrit, use of the subjunctive is found only in the Vedic language of the earliest times, and the optative and [[imperative mood|imperative]] are comparatively less commonly used. In the later language (from c. 500 BC), the subjunctive fell out of use, with the optative or imperative being used instead, or merged with the optative as in Latin. However, the first-person forms of the subjunctive continue to be used, as they are transferred to the imperative, which formerly, like Greek, had no first person forms.

===Germanic languages===
In the [[Germanic languages]], subjunctives are also usually formed from old [[optative mood|optatives]] (a mood that indicates a wish or hope), with the present subjunctive marked with *''-ai-'' and the past with *''-ī-''. In [[German language|German]], these forms have been reduced to a [[schwa]], spelled ''-e''. The past tense, however, often displays i-[[Germanic umlaut|umlaut]]. In [[Old Norse]], both suffixes evolved into ''-i-'', but i-umlaut occurs in the past subjunctive, which distinguishes them.<ref>''An Icelandic-English Dictionary'', Cleasby-Vigfússon, Outlines of Grammar; [http://www.northvegr.org/vigfusson/xxv.php Gen. Remarks on the Strong & Irreg. Verbs] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212013045/http://www.northvegr.org/vigfusson/xxv.php |date=2007-12-12 }}; Note γ</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Old Norse active [[inflection#Inflectional paradigm|paradigm]] (set of rules)<br> for the verb {{wikt-lang|non|grafa}} (“to dig”)
!
! colspan="2" |Present
! colspan="2" |Past
|-
! Person
![[Indicative]]
! Subjunctive
!Indicative
!Subjunctive
|-
! 1st singular
|{{lang|non|gref}}
|{{lang|non|grafa}}
|{{lang|non|gróf}}
|{{lang|non|grœfa}}
|-
! 2nd singular
|{{lang|non|grefr}}
|{{lang|non|grafir}}
|{{lang|non|gróft}}
|{{lang|non|grœfir}}
|-
! 3rd singular
|{{lang|non|grefr}}
|{{lang|non|grafi}}
|{{lang|non|gróf}}
|{{lang|non|grœfi}}
|-
! 1st plural
|{{lang|non|grǫfum}}
|{{lang|non|grafim}}
|{{lang|non|grófum}}
|{{lang|non|grœfim}}
|-
! 2nd plural
|{{lang|non|grafið}}
|{{lang|non|grafið}}
|{{lang|non|grófuð}}
|{{lang|non|grœfið}}
|-
! 3rd plural
|{{lang|non|grafa}}
|{{lang|non|grafi}}
|{{lang|non|grófu}}
|{{lang|non|grœfi}}
|}

====English====
{{Main|English subjunctive}}

In [[Modern English]], the subjunctive is realised as a [[finite verb|finite]] but tenseless [[clause]] where the main verb occurs in the bare form. Since the bare form is also used in a variety of other constructions, the English subjunctive is reflected by a clause type rather than a distinct inflection.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Huddleston |first1=Rodney |last2=Pullum |first2=Geoff |date=2002 |title=The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0521431460}}</ref>

====German====
German has:

* Konjunktiv Präsens, which is a Konjunktiv I, e.g. "er gehe"
* Konjunktiv Imperfekt (''or'' Präteritum), which is a Konjunktiv II, e.g. "er ginge"
* Konjunktiv Perfekt, which is a Konjunktiv I too, e.g. "er sei gegangen"
* Konjunktiv Plusquamperfekt, which is a Konjunktiv II too, e.g. "er wäre gegangen"

If the Konjunktiv II of the Futur I (e.g. "ich würde gehen") and of the Futur II (e.g. "ich würde gegangen sein") are called "conditional", the numbers (I, II) can be dropped.

====={{lang|de|Konjunktiv I}}=====
The present subjunctive occurs in certain expressions (e.g. {{lang|de|Es lebe der König!}} "Long live the king!") and in indirect (reported) speech. Its use can frequently be replaced by the indicative mood. For example, {{lang|de|Er sagte, er sei Arzt}} ('He said he was a physician') is a neutral representation of what was said and makes no claim as to whether the speaker thinks the reported statement is true or not.

The past subjunctive can often be used to express the same sentiments: {{lang|de|Er sagte, er wäre Arzt.}} Or, for example, instead of the formal, written {{lang|de|Er sagte, er habe keine Zeit}} 'He said he had no time' with present subjunctive {{lang|de|habe}}, one can use past subjunctive {{lang|de|hätte}}: {{lang|de|Er sagte, er '''hätte''' keine Zeit.}}

In speech, however, the past subjunctive is common without any implication that the speaker doubts the speech he is reporting. As common is use of the indicative {{lang|de|Er sagte, er ist Arzt}} and {{lang|de|Er sagte, er hat keine Zeit.}} This is often changed in written reports to the forms using present subjunctive.

The present subjunctive is regular for all verbs except the verb {{lang|de|sein}} ("to be"). It is formed by adding {{lang|de|-e, -est, -e, -en, -et, -en}} to the stem of the infinitive. The verb {{lang|de|sein}} has the stem {{lang|de|sei-}} for the present subjunctive declension, but it has no ending for the first and third person singular. While the use of present subjunctive for reported speech is formal and common in newspaper articles, its use in colloquial speech is in continual decline.

It is possible to express the subjunctive in various tenses, including the perfect ({{lang|de|er sei da gewesen}} 'he has [apparently] been there') and the future ({{lang|de|er werde da sein}} 'he will be there'). For the preterite, which forms the Konjunktiv II with a somewhat other meaning, indirect speech has to switch to the perfect tense, so that: {{lang|de|Er sagte: "Ich war da."}} becomes {{lang|de|Er sagte, er sei da gewesen.}}

====={{lang|de|Konjunktiv II}}=====
The ''KII'',  or past subjunctive, is used to form the conditional and, on occasion, as a replacement for the present subjunctive when both indicative and subjunctive moods of a particular verb are indistinguishable.

Every German verb has a past subjunctive conjugation, but in spoken German, the conditional is most commonly formed using {{lang|de|würde}} (Konjunktiv II form of {{lang|de|werden}} which in here is related to the English {{lang|de|will}} or {{lang|de|would}} rather than the literal {{lang|de|to become}}; dialect: {{lang|de|täte}}, KII of {{lang|de|tun}} 'to do') with an infinitive. For example: {{lang|de|An deiner Stelle würde ich ihm nicht helfen}} 'I would not help him if I were you'. In the example, the Konjunktiv II form of {{lang|de|helfen}} (hülfe) is very unusual. However, using 'würde' instead of {{lang|de|hätte}} (past subjunctive declension of {{lang|de|haben}} 'to have') and {{lang|de|wäre}} (past subjunctive declension of {{lang|de|sein}} 'to be') can be perceived anywhere from awkward (in-the-present use of the past subjunctive) to incorrect (in the past subjunctive). There is a tendency to use the forms in {{lang|de|würde}} rather in main clauses as in English; in subclauses even regular forms (which sound like the indicative of the preterite and are, thus, obsolete in any other circumstances) can still be heard.

Some verbs exist for which either construction can be used, such as with {{lang|de|finden}} ({{lang|de|fände}}) and {{lang|de|tun}} ({{lang|de|täte}}). Many dictionaries consider the past subjunctive declension of such verbs the only proper expression in formal written German.

The past subjunctive is declined from the stem of the [[preterite]] (imperfect) declension of the verb with the appropriate present subjunctive declension ending as appropriate. In most cases, an {{lang|de|[[Germanic umlaut|umlaut]]}} is appended to the stem vowel if possible (i.e. if it is {{lang|de|a}}, {{lang|de|o}}, {{lang|de|u}} or {{lang|de|au}}), for example: {{lang|de|ich war → ich wäre, ich brachte → ich brächte}}.

{{See also| German grammar}}

====Dutch====
{{Main|Subjunctive in Dutch}}
[[Dutch language|Dutch]] has the same subjunctive tenses as German (described above), though they are rare in contemporary speech. The same two tenses as in German are sometimes considered a subjunctive mood ({{lang|nl|aanvoegende wijs}}) and sometimes [[conditional mood]] ({{lang|nl|voorwaardelijke wijs}}). In practice, potential subjunctive uses of verbs are difficult to differentiate from indicative uses. This is partly because the subjunctive mood has fallen together with the indicative mood:

* The plural of the subjunctive (both present and past) is always identical to the plural of the indicative. There are a few exceptions where the usage is clearly subjunctive, like: {{lang|nl|Mogen zij in vrede rusten}} (May they rest in peace); compare to singular: {{lang|nl|Moge hij/zij in vrede rusten}} (May he/she rest in peace).
* In the present tense, the singular form of the subjunctive differs from the indicative, having an extra ''-e''. E.g., the subjunctive {{lang|nl|God '''zegene''' je, mijn kind}} (May God bless you, my child) differs from the indicative {{lang|nl|God '''zegent''' je, mijn kind}} (God blesses you, my child.)
* In the past tense, the singular form of the subjunctive of weak verbs (the vast majority of verbs) does not differ from the indicative at all, so that for those verbs there is no difference between indicative and subjunctive whatsoever in the past tense. Only for strong verbs, the [[preterite-present verb]]s and some irregular weak verbs does the past subjunctive differ from the past indicative, and only in the singular form. E.g., the subjunctive {{lang|nl|hadde}}, {{lang|nl|ware}} and {{lang|nl|mochte}} differ from the indicative "had", "was" and {{lang|nl|mocht}} ("had", "was" and "could").

Archaic and traditional phrases still contain the subjunctive mood:
* {{lang|nl|Men neme ...}} ("Take ..." - literally "one take  ..." - as found in recipes)
* {{lang|nl|Uw naam worde geheiligd}} ("Thy name be hallowed" - from the [[Lord's Prayer]])
* {{lang|nl|Geheiligd zij Uw naam}} ("Hallowed be thy name" - from the Lord's Prayer, as used in Belgium until 2016)
* {{lang|nl|Zo waarlijk helpe mij God almachtig}} ("So truly help me God almighty" - when swearing an oath)
* {{lang|nl|Godverdomme}} (now a common Dutch curse; originally a request to God to curse something)
* {{lang|nl|God zij dank}} ("Thanks be to God")
* {{lang|nl|Dankzij ...}} ("Thanks to ..." - literally "Thank be ...")
* {{lang|nl|Leve de koning}} ("Long live the king")

====Luxembourgish====
[[Luxembourgish language|Luxembourgish]] has the same subjunctive tenses as German (described above). For the periphrasis however, {{lang|lb|géif}} is used instead of {{lang|lb|würde}} or (dialectal) {{lang|lb|täte}}.

====Swedish====
{{excerpt|Swedish grammar|Subjunctive mood}}

===Latin and the Romance languages===

====Latin====
{{Further|Latin syntax#The subjunctive mood}}

The Latin subjunctive has many uses, contingent upon the nature of a [[clause]] within a sentence:<ref>''Allen and Greenough's New Latin Grammar'', §438. Dover Publications, 2006. Print.</ref>

Within [[independent clauses]]:
*[[Hortative|Exhortation or command]]
*Concession
*[[Optative mood|Wish]]
*Question of doubt
*Possibility or contingency

Within [[dependent clauses]]:
*Condition
*Purpose
*Characteristic
*Result
*Time
*[[Content clause#Interrogative content clauses|Indirect questions]]

Historically, the Latin subjunctive originates from the ancestral [[Optative mood|optative inflections]], while some of the original subjunctive forms went on to compose the Latin [[future tense]], especially in the Latin third conjugation.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}} The *''-i-'' of the old optative forms manifests itself in the fact that the Latin subjunctives typically have a [[high vowel]] even when the indicative mood has a lower vowel; for example, Latin ''rogamus'', "we ask", in the indicative mood, corresponds to the subjunctive ''rogemus'', "let us ask", where ''e'' is a higher vowel than ''a''.

{| class="wikitable"
|+Latin present subjunctive forms
|-
!Conjugation!!1st!!2nd!!3rd<ref>"Languages: Latin: curro." Verbix. N.p., 2010. Web. 22 Mar. 2010. <{{cite web |url=http://www.verbix.com/webverbix/go.php?T1=curro&imageField.x=0&imageField.y=0&D1=9&H1=109 |title=Latin verb 'curro' conjugated |access-date=2010-03-22 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605111359/http://www.verbix.com/webverbix/go.php?T1=curro&imageField.x=0&imageField.y=0&D1=9&H1=109 |archive-date=2011-06-05 }}>.</ref>!!3rd<sup>IO</sup>!!4th
|-
! 1st singular
| {{lang|la|rogem}} || {{lang|la|habeam}} || {{lang|la|curram}} || {{lang|la|excipiam}} || {{lang|la|veniam}}
|-
! 2nd singular
| {{lang|la|roges}} || {{lang|la|habeas}} || {{lang|la|curras}} || {{lang|la|excipias}} || {{lang|la|venias}}
|-
! 3rd singular
| {{lang|la|roget}} || {{lang|la|habeat}} || {{lang|la|currat}} || {{lang|la|excipiat}} || {{lang|la|veniat}}
|-
! 1st plural
| {{lang|la|rogemus}} || {{lang|la|habeamus}} || {{lang|la|curramus}} || {{lang|la|excipiamus}} || {{lang|la|veniamus}}
|-
! 2nd plural
| {{lang|la|rogetis}} || {{lang|la|habeatis}} || {{lang|la|curratis}} || {{lang|la|excipiatis}} || {{lang|la|veniatis}}
|-
! 3rd plural
| {{lang|la|rogent}} || {{lang|la|habeant}} || {{lang|la|currant}} || {{lang|la|excipiant}} || {{lang|la|veniant}}
|}

The subjunctive mood retains a highly distinct form for nearly all verbs in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and [[Italian language|Italian]] (among other [[Romance languages]]), and for a number of verbs in [[French language|French]].  All of these languages inherit their subjunctive from Latin, where the subjunctive mood combines both forms and usages from a number of original Indo-European inflection sets, including the original subjunctive and the [[optative mood]].

In many cases, the Romance languages use the subjunctive in the same ways that English does; however, they use them in other ways as well. For example, English generally uses the auxiliary 'may' or 'let' to form [[desiderative]] expressions, such as "Let it snow". The Romance languages use the subjunctive for these; French, for example, says, {{lang|fr|Qu'il neige}} and {{lang|fr|Qu'ils vivent jusqu'à leur vieillesse}}. However, in the case of the first-person plural, these languages have imperative forms: "Let us go" in French is {{lang|fr|Allons-y}}. In addition, the Romance languages tend to use the subjunctive in various kinds of subordinate clauses, such as those introduced by words meaning ''although'', e.g. English: "Although I am old, I feel young"; French: {{lang|fr|Bien que je sois vieux, je me sens jeune.}}

In Spanish, phrases with words like {{lang|es|lo que}} (that which, what), {{lang|es|quien}} (who), or {{lang|es|donde}} (where) and subjunctive verb forms are often translated to English with some variation of "whatever" or sometimes an indefinite pronoun. Spanish {{lang|es|lo que sea}}, which is, by a literal interpretation, along the lines of "the thing which is", is translated as English "whatever" or "anything"; similarly, Spanish {{lang|es|donde sea}} is English "wherever" and Spanish {{lang|es|quien sea}} is English "whoever". For example, Spanish {{lang|es|lo que quieras}}, literally "that which you want", is translated as English "whatever you may want"; Spanish {{lang|es|cueste lo que cueste}} is translated to English as "whatever it may cost"; and Spanish {{lang|es|donde vayas, voy}} is translated to English as "wherever you go, I go". The acronym W.E.I.R.D.O, is commonly used by English-speaking students of Spanish to learn the subjunctive. It ''usually'' stands for Wish Emotion Impersonal Expressions Recommendations Doubt Ojalá. With the exception of ''negative commands,'' the subjunctive is always activated in the second clause, when a situation of "W.E.I.R.D.O" is present.

====French====
{{Main|French verbs}}'''Present and past subjunctives'''

The subjunctive is used mostly with verbs or adverbs expressing desire, doubt or eventuality; it may also express an order. It is almost always preceded by the conjunction {{nowrap|{{lang|fr|que}}}} ({{nowrap|that}}).

Use of the subjunctive is in many respects similar to English:
* [[Jussive mood|Jussive]] (issuing orders, commanding, or exhorting): {{lang|fr|Il faut qu’il '''comprenne''' cela}} ("It is necessary that he ''understand'' that")
* Desiderative: {{lang|fr|Vive la république!}} ("Long ''live'' the republic!")

Sometimes it is not:
* Desiderative: ''{{lang|fr|Que la lumière soit!}}'' ("''Let'' there ''be'' light!")
* In certain subordinate clauses:
** {{lang|fr|Bien que ce soit mon anniversaire}}: ("Even though it ''is'' my birthday") (although English does introduce a similar subjunctive element in an alternative: "It ''might'' be my birthday, but I am working"
** {{lang|fr|Avant que je ne m’en aille}} ("Before I ''go'' away")

{| class="wikitable"
! scope="col" style="vertical-align:top" | English
! scope="col" colspan="2" | French
|-
| It is important that she ''speak''. (''subjunctive'')
| {{lang|fr|Il est important qu'elle parle}}
|-
| That the book ''pleases'' you does not surprise me. (''indicative'')
| {{lang|fr|Que le livre te plaise ne me surprend pas.}}
|- style="text-align:center"
|
| present subjunctive
|}

French uses a past subjunctive, equivalent in tense to the {{lang|fr|passé composé}} in the indicative mood, called "{{lang|fr|passé du subjonctif}}". It is the only other subjunctive tense used in modern-day conversational French. It is formed with the auxiliary {{lang|fr|être}} or {{lang|fr|avoir}} and the past participle of the verb. Unlike other Romance languages, such as Spanish, it is not always necessary that the preceding clause be in the past to trigger the {{lang|fr|passé du subjonctif}} in the subordinate clause:

{| class="wikitable"
! scope="col" style="vertical-align:top" | English
! scope="col" colspan="2" | French
|-
| It is important that she ''have spoken''. (''subjunctive'')
| {{lang|fr|Il est important qu'elle ait parlé.}}
|-
| That the book ''pleased'' you does not surprise me. (''indicative'')
| {{lang|fr|Que le livre t'ait plu ne me surprend pas.}}
|- style="text-align:center"
|
| past subjunctive
|}
'''Imperfect and pluperfect subjunctives'''

French also has an imperfect subjunctive, which in older, formal, or literary writing, replaces the present subjunctive in a subordinate clause when the main clause is in a past tense (including in the [[So-called conditional|French conditional]], which is morphologically a future-in-the-past): 
{| class="wikitable"
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top" | English
! scope="col" colspan="2" | French
|-
! scope="col" | modern spoken
! scope="col" | older, formal, or literary
|-
| It was necessary that he ''speak''
| {{lang|fr|Il était nécessaire qu’il parle}}
| {{lang|fr|Il était nécessaire qu’il parlât}}
|-
| I feared that he ''act'' so.
| {{lang|fr|Je craignais qu'il agisse ainsi}}
| {{lang|fr|Je craignais qu'il agît ainsi}}
|-
| I would want him to ''do'' it.
| {{lang|fr|Je voudrais qu’il le fasse}}
| {{lang|fr|Je voudrais qu’il le fît}}
|- style="text-align:center"
|
| present subjunctive
| imperfect subjunctive
|}
{{Hidden|Example quotes|
{{blockquote|Pour une brave dame, / Monsieur, qui vous honore, et de toute son âme<br />Voudrait que vous vinssiez, à ma sommation, / Lui faire un petit mot de réparation.|[[Jean Racine]] (1669), ''[[Les Plaideurs]]'', 2.4.16–19}}
{{blockquote|[...] je voudrais que vous vinssiez une fois à Berlin pour y rester, et que vous eussiez la force de soustraire votre légère nacelle aux bourrasques et aux vents qui l'ont battue si souvent en France.|''Œuvres complètes de Voltaire'' (1828), Paris, page 595}}
{{blockquote|J'aimerais qu'ils fissent leur début comme sous-maîtres dans les écoles importantes.|Théodore Henri Barrau (1842), ''De l'éducation morale de la jeunesse'', page 191}}
{{blockquote|Je craignais que vous ne voulussiez pas me recevoir.|[[Eugène Sue]] (1847), ''Martin et Bamboche'', 3.3.7}}
}}

Similarly, pluperfect subjunctive replace past subjunctive in same context:
{| class="wikitable"
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top" | English
! scope="col" colspan="2" | French
|-
! scope="col" | modern spoken
! scope="col" | older, formal, or literary
|-
| It was necessary that you ''have spoken''
| {{lang|fr|Il était nécessaire que tu aies parlé}}
| {{lang|fr|Il était nécessaire que tu eusses parlé}}
|-
| I regretted that you ''had acted'' so.
| {{lang|fr|Je regrettais que tu aies agi ainsi}}
| {{lang|fr|Je regrettais que tu eusses agi ainsi}}
|-
| I would have liked you to ''have done'' it.
| {{lang|fr|J'aurais aimé que tu l'aies fait}}
| {{lang|fr|J'aurais aimé que tu l'eusses fait}}
|- style="text-align:center"
| 
| past subjunctive
| pluperfect subjunctive
|}
{{Hidden|Example quotes|
{{blockquote|Ma lettre, à laquelle vous venez de répondre, à fait un effet bien différent que je n'attendois : elle vous a fait partir, et moi je comptois qu'elle vous feroit rester jusqu'à ce que vous eussiez reçu des nouvelles du départ de mon manuscrit ; au moins étoit-ce le sens littéral et spirituel de ma lettre.|[[Montesquieu]], ''Lettres familières'', 18}}
}}

====Italian====
The [[Italian grammar#Subjunctive mood|Italian subjunctive]] ({{lang|it|congiuntivo}}) is commonly used, although, especially in the spoken language, it is sometimes substituted by the indicative.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.corriere.it/cultura/16_dicembre_11/francesco-sabatini-linguistica-filologo-libro-mondadori-accademia-crusca-congiuntivo-17dc905c-bfbd-11e6-ab31-2a5a06e0ce0a.shtml|title=Congiuntivo in calo, nessun dramma. La Crusca: la lingua è natura, si evolve|last=STEFANO|first=PAOLO DI|date=2016-11-12|website=Corriere della Sera|language=it|access-date=2020-01-08|archive-date=2024-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240829212619/https://www.corriere.it/cultura/16_dicembre_11/francesco-sabatini-linguistica-filologo-libro-mondadori-accademia-crusca-congiuntivo-17dc905c-bfbd-11e6-ab31-2a5a06e0ce0a.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>

The subjunctive is used mainly in subordinate clauses following a set phrase or conjunction, such as {{lang|it|benché}}, {{lang|it|senza che}}, {{lang|it|prima che}}, or {{lang|it|perché}}. It is also used with verbs of doubt, possibility and expressing an opinion or desire, for example with {{lang|it|credo che}}, {{lang|it|è possibile che}} and {{lang|it|ritengo che}}, and sometimes with superlatives and virtual superlatives.
* English: I believe (that) she {{lang|it|is}} the best.
* Italian: {{lang|it|(Io) credo (che) (ella/lei) sia la migliore.}}

Differently from the French subjunctive, the Italian one is used after expressions like {{lang|it|Penso che}} ("I think that"), where in French the indicative would be used. However, it is also possible to use the subjunctive after the expression {{lang|fr|Je ne pense pas que...}} ("I don't think that..."), and in questions like {{lang|fr|Penses-tu que...}} ("Do you think that..."), even though the indicative forms can be correct, too.

=====Present subjunctive=====
The present subjunctive is similar to, but still mostly distinguishable from, the present indicative. Subject pronouns are often used with the present subjunctive where they are normally omitted in the indicative, since in the first, second and third person singular forms they are the same, so the person is not implicitly implied from the verb. Irregular verbs tend to follow the first person singular form, such as the present subjunctive forms of {{lang|it|andare}}, which goes to {{lang|it|vada}} etc. (first person singular form is {{lang|it|vado}}).

The present subjunctive is used in a range of situations in clauses taking the subjunctive.
* English: "It is possible that they have to leave."
* Italian: "{{lang|it|È possibile che debbano partire.}}"
* English: "My parents want me to play the piano."
* Italian: "{{lang|it|I miei genitori vogliono che io suoni il pianoforte.}}"

The present subjunctive is used mostly in subordinate clauses, as in the examples above. However, exceptions include imperatives using the subjunctive (using the third person), and general statements of desire.
* English: "Be careful!"
* Italian: "{{lang|it|Stia attento!}}"
* English: "Long live the republic!"
* Italian: "{{lang|it|Viva la repubblica!}}"

=====Imperfect subjunctive=====
The Italian imperfect subjunctive is very similar in appearance to (but used much more in speech than) the French imperfect subjunctive, and forms are largely regular, apart from the verbs {{lang|it|essere, dare}} and {{lang|it|stare}} (which go to {{lang|it|fossi, dessi}} and {{lang|it|stessi}} etc.). However, unlike in French, where it is often replaced with the present subjunctive, the imperfect subjunctive is far more common. Verbs with a contracted infinitive, such as {{lang|it|dire}} (short for {{lang|it|dicere}}) revert to the longer form in the imperfect subjunctive (to give {{lang|it|dicessi}} etc., for example).

The imperfect subjunctive is used in subordinate clauses taking the subjunctive where the sense of the verb requires the imperfect.
* English: "It seemed that Elsa ''was not coming''."
* Italian: "{{lang|it|Sembrava che Elsa non venisse.}}"
* English: "The teacher slowed down, so that we ''would understand'' everything."
* Italian: "{{lang|it|L’insegnante rallentava, affinché capissimo tutto.}}"

The imperfect subjunctive is used in "if" clauses, where the main clause is in the conditional tense, as in English and German.
* English: "If I ''had'' a lot of money, I would buy many cars."
* Italian: "{{lang|it|Se avessi molti soldi, comprerei tante automobili.}}"
* English: "You would know if we ''were lying''."
* Italian: "{{lang|it|Sapresti se mentissimo.}}"

=====Perfect and pluperfect subjunctives=====
The perfect and pluperfect subjunctives are formed much like the indicative perfect and pluperfect, except the auxiliary (either {{lang|it|avere}} or {{lang|it|essere}}) verb takes the present and imperfect subjunctive respectively.

They are used in subordinate clauses which require the subjunctive, where the sense of the verb requires use of the perfect or pluperfect.
* English: "Although they ''had'' not ''killed'' the doctor, the police arrested the men."
* Italian: "{{lang|it|Benché non avessero ucciso il medico, la polizia arrestò gli uomini.}}"
* English: "I would have done it, provided you ''had helped'' me."
* Italian: "{{lang|it|Lo avrei fatto, purché tu mi avessi assistito.}}"

====Spanish====
{{Main|Subjunctive mood in Spanish}}
The subjunctive mood ({{lang|es|subjuntivo}}) is a fundamental element of Spanish. Its spoken form makes use of it to a much larger degree than other Latin languages and it is in no case homonymous to any other mood. Furthermore, it is common to find long complex sentences almost entirely in the subjunctive.

The subjunctive is used in conjunction with impersonal expressions and expressions of emotion, opinion, desire or viewpoint. More importantly, it applies to most hypothetical situations, likely or unlikely, desired or not. Normally, only certitude of (or statement of) a fact will remove the possibility of its use. Unlike French, it is also used in phrases expressing the past conditional. The negative of the imperative shares the same form with the present subjunctive.

Common introductions to the subjunctive would include the following:
* {{lang|es|que...}} or {{lang|es|de que...}} as in {{lang|es|que sea}} (present subjunctive) {{lang|es|lo que Dios quiera}} (present subjunctive): "Let it be what God wills".
* {{lang|es|Si...}}: "If.." (e.g. {{lang|es|si estuvieras}}: "if you were...")
* {{lang|es|Donde}}: "Where.." (e.g. {{lang|es|donde sea}}, "anywhere")
* {{lang|es|Cuando}}: "When.." (referring to a future time, e.g. {{lang|es|cuando vaya}}, "when I go")
* {{lang|es|Aunque}}: "Despite/although/even if..."
* {{lang|es|Ojalá...}} "I hope..." (derived from Arabic {{langx|ar|إن شاء ألله|in šāʾ ʾallāh|God willing|label=none}}) e.g. {{lang|es|Ojalá que llueva}} (present subjunctive) "I hope it rains" or {{lang|es|Ojalá que lloviera}} (past subjunctive) "I wish it would rain".

Nevertheless, the subjunctive can stand alone to supplant other tenses.

For example, "I would like" can be said in the conditional {{lang|es|Querría}} or in the past subjunctive {{lang|es|Quisiera}}, as in {{lang|es|Quisiera}} (past subjunctive) {{lang|es|que vinieras}} (past subjunctive), i.e. "I would like you to come".

Comfort with the subjunctive form and the degree to which a second-language speaker attempts to avoid its use can be an indicator of the level of proficiency in the language. Complex use of the subjunctive is a constant pattern of everyday speech among native speakers but difficult to interiorize even by relatively proficient Spanish learners (e.g. I would have liked you to come on Thursday: {{lang|es|Me habría gustado}} (conditional perfect) {{lang|es|que vinieras}} (past subjunctive) {{lang|es|el jueves.}}

An example of the subtlety of the Spanish subjunctive is the way the tense (past, present or future) modifies the expression "be it as it may" (literally "be what it be"):
* {{lang|es|Sea lo que sea}} (present subjunctive + present subjunctive): "No matter what/whatever."
* {{lang|es|Sea lo que fuera}} (present subjunctive + past subjunctive): "Whatever it were."
* {{lang|es|Fuera lo que fuera}} (past subjunctive + past subjunctive): (Similar meaning to above).
* {{lang|es|Sea lo que fuere}}. (Present subjunctive + future subjunctive): "Whatever it may be."
* {{lang|es|Fuera lo que hubiera sido}}. (Past subjunctive + past pluperfect subjunctive): "Whatever/no matter what it may have been".

The same alterations could be made to the expression {{lang|es|Sea como sea}} or "no matter how" with similar changes in meaning.

Spanish has two past subjunctive forms. They are almost identical, except that where the "first form" has {{lang|es|-ra-}}, the "second form" has {{lang|es|-se-}}. Both forms are usually interchangeable although the {{lang|es|-se-}} form may be more common in Spain than in other Spanish-speaking areas. The {{lang|es|-ra-}} forms may also be used as an alternative to the conditional in certain structures.

'''Present subjunctive'''

In Spanish, a present subjunctive form is always different from the corresponding present indicative form. For example, whereas English "that they speak" or French {{lang|fr|qu'ils parlent}} can be either indicative or subjunctive, Spanish {{lang|es|que hablen}} is unambiguously subjunctive. (The corresponding indicative would be {{lang|es|que habl<u>a</u>n}}.) The same is true for all verbs, regardless of their subject.

When to use:
* When there are two clauses, separated by {{lang|es|que}}. However, not all {{lang|es|que}} clauses require the subjunctive mood. They must have at least one of the following criteria:
* As the fourth edition of {{lang|es|Mosaicos}}{{Full citation needed|date=May 2022}} states, when the verb of the main clause expresses emotion (e.g. fear, happiness, sorrow, etc.)
* Impersonal expressions are used in the main clause. (It is important that...)
* The verb in the second clause is the one that is in subjunctive.

Examples:
* {{lang|es|Ojalá que me compren (comprar) un regalo.}} (I hope that they will buy me a gift.)
* {{lang|es|Te recomiendo que no corras (correr) con tijeras.}} (I recommend that you not run with scissors.)
* {{lang|es|Dudo que el restaurante abra (abrir) a las seis.}} (I doubt that the restaurant might open at six.)
* {{lang|es|Lo discutiremos cuando venga (venir).}} (We will talk about it when he/she comes.)
* {{lang|es|Es importante que (nosotros) hagamos ejercicio.}} (It is important that we exercise.)
* {{lang|es|Me alegro de que (tú) seas mi amiga.}} (I am happy that you are my friend.)

'''Past (imperfect) subjunctive'''

Used interchangeably, the past (imperfect) subjunctive can end either in {{lang|es|-se}} or {{lang|es|-ra}}. Both forms stem from the third-person plural (''ellos, ellas, ustedes'') of the preterite. For example, the verb {{lang|es|estar}}, when conjugated in the third-person plural of the preterite, becomes {{lang|es|estuvieron}}. Then, drop the {{lang|es|-ron}} ending, and add either {{lang|es|-se}} or {{lang|es|-ra}}. Thus, it becomes {{lang|es|estuviese}} or {{lang|es|estuviera}}. The past subjunctive may be used with "if... then" statements with the conditional mood. Example:
* {{lang|es|Si yo fuera/fuese el maestro, no mandaría demasiados deberes.}} (If I ''were'' the teacher, I would not give too much homework.)

'''Future subjunctive'''

In Spanish, the future subjunctive tense is now rare but still used in certain dialects of Spanish and in formal speech. It is usually reserved for literature, [[archaism|archaic]] phrases and expressions, and legal documents. (The form is similar to the {{lang|es|-ra}} form of the imperfect subjunctive, but with a {{lang|es|-re}} ending instead of {{lang|es|-ra}}, {{lang|es|-res}} instead of {{lang|es|-ras}} and so on.) Example:
* {{lang|es|Si así yo no lo hiciere, que Dios y la patria me lo demanden.}} (If I don't do it, may God and the fatherland demand it from me.)

Phrases expressing the subjunctive in a future period normally employ the present subjunctive. For example: "I hope that it ''will rain'' tomorrow" would simply be {{lang|es|Espero que llueva mañana}} (where {{lang|es|llueva}} is the third-person singular present subjunctive of {{lang|es|llover}}, "to rain").

'''Pluperfect (past perfect) subjunctive'''

In Spanish, the pluperfect subjunctive tense is used to describe a continuing wish in the past. {{lang|es|Desearía que (tú) hubieras ido al cine conmigo el viernes pasado.}} (I wish that you had gone to the movies with me last Friday). To form this tense, first the subjunctive form of {{lang|es|haber}} is conjugated (in the example above, {{lang|es|haber}} becomes {{lang|es|hubieras}}). Then the participle of the main verb (in this case is added, {{lang|es|ir}} becomes {{lang|es|ido}}).
* {{lang|es|Me gustaría que 'hubieras ido'/'hubieses ido', pero él suspendió su examen de matemáticas.}} (I would have liked if you ''had gone'', but he failed his math test.)

Though the {{lang|es|-re}} form appears to be more closely related to the imperfect subjunctive {{lang|es|-ra}} form than the {{lang|es|-se}} form, that is not the case. The {{lang|es|-se}} form of the imperfect subjunctive derives from the pluperfect subjunctive of Vulgar Latin and the {{lang|es|-ra}} from the pluperfect indicative, combining to overtake the previous pluperfect subjunctive ending. The {{lang|es|-re}} form is more complicated, stemming (so to speak) from a fusion of the perfect subjunctive and future perfect indicative—which, though in different moods, happened to be identical in the second and third persons—before losing the perfect in the shift to future subjunctive, the same perfect nature that was the only thing the forms originally shared. So the {{lang|es|-ra}} and {{lang|es|-se}} forms always had a past (to be specific, pluperfect) meaning, but only the {{lang|es|-se}} form always belonged with the subjunctive mood that the {{lang|es|-re}} form had since its emergence.<ref name="Wright1931">{{cite journal |first=Leavitt O. |last=Wright |title=The Disappearing Spanish Verb Form in ''-re'' |journal=Hispania |volume=14 |issue=2 |date=1931 |pages=107–114 |publisher=American Association of Teachers of Spanish and Portuguese |doi=10.2307/332496 |issn=0018-2133 |jstor=332496 |oclc=5552696109 }}</ref>

====Portuguese====
In Portuguese, as in Spanish, the subjunctive (''subjuntivo'' or ''conjuntivo'') is complex, being generally used to talk about situations which are seen as doubtful, imaginary, hypothetical, demanded, or required. It can also express emotion, opinion, disagreement, denial, or a wish. Its value is similar to the one it has in formal English:

'''Present subjunctive'''
* Command: '' Faça-se luz!'' "Let there be light!"
* Wish: '' Viva o rei!'' "Long live the king!"
* Necessity: ''É importante que ele compreenda isso.'' "It is important that he ''understand'' that."
* In certain, subordinate clauses:
** ''Ainda que seja o meu aniversário...'' "Even though ''it be'' my birthday..."
** ''Antes que eu vá...'' "Before ''I go''..."
'''Imperfect (past) subjunctive'''

As in Spanish, the imperfect subjunctive is in vernacular use, and it is employed, among other things, to make the tense of a subordinate clause [[Agreement (linguistics)|agree]] with the tense of the main clause:
* English: ''It is'' [present indicative] necessary that ''he speak'' [present subjunctive]. → ''It was'' [past indicative] necessary that ''he speak'' [present subjunctive].
* Portuguese: ''É'' [present indicative] ''necessário que ele fale'' [present subjunctive]. → ''Era necessário'' [past (imperfect) indicative] ''que ele falasse'' [past (imperfect) subjunctive].

The imperfect subjunctive is also used when the main clause is in the [[conditional tense|conditional]]:
* English: It ''would be'' [conditional] necessary that ''he speak'' [present subjunctive].
* Portuguese: ''Seria'' [conditional] ''necessário que ele falasse'' [imperfect subjunctive].

There are authors{{who|date=December 2016}} who regard the conditional of Portuguese as a "future in the past" of the indicative mood, rather than as a separate mood; they call it ''futuro do pretérito'' ("future of the past"), especially in Brazil.

'''Future subjunctive'''

Portuguese differs from other Ibero-Romance languages in having retained the medieval future subjunctive (''futuro do subjuntivo''), which is rarely used in Spanish and has been lost in other [[West Iberian languages|West Iberic]] languages. It expresses a condition that must be fulfilled in the future, or is assumed to be fulfilled, before an event can happen. Spanish and English will use the present tense in this type of clause.

For example, in [[conditional sentence]]s whose main clause is in the conditional, Portuguese, Spanish and English employ the past tense in the subordinate clause. Nevertheless, if the main clause is in the future, Portuguese will employ the future subjunctive where English and Spanish use the present indicative. (English, when being used in a rigorously formal style, takes the present subjunctive in these situations, example: "Should I be, then...") Contrast the following two sentences.
* English: If ''I were'' [past subjunctive] king, I would end [conditional] hunger.
** Spanish: ''Si fuera'' [imperfect subjunctive] ''rey, acabaría con'' [conditional] ''el hambre''.
** Portuguese: ''Se fosse'' [imperfect subjunctive] ''rei, acabaria com'' [conditional] ''a fome''.
* English: If ''I am'' [present indicative] [technical English is "should I ''be''" present subjunctive] elected president, I will change [future indicative] the law.
** Spanish: ''Si soy'' [present indicative] ''elegido presidente, cambiaré'' [future indicative] ''la ley''.
** Portuguese: ''Se for'' [future subjunctive] ''eleito presidente, mudarei'' [future indicative] ''a lei''.

The first situation is [[counterfactual conditional|counterfactual]]; the listener knows that the speaker is not a king. However, the second statement expresses a promise about the future; the speaker may yet be elected president.

For a different example, a father speaking to his son might say:
* English: When ''you are'' [present indicative] older, you will understand [future indicative].
* Spanish: ''Cuando seas'' [present subjunctive]  ''mayor, comprenderás'' [future indicative].
* French: ''Quand tu seras'' [future indicative] ''grand, tu comprendras'' [future indicative].
* Italian: ''Quando sarai'' [future indicative] ''grande, comprenderai'' [future indicative].
* Portuguese: ''Quando fores'' [future subjunctive] ''mais velho, compreenderás'' [future indicative].

The future subjunctive is identical in form to the personal infinitive in regular verbs, but they differ in some irregular verbs of frequent use. However, the possible differences between the two tenses are due only to stem changes. They always have the same endings.

The meaning of sentences can change by switching subjunctive and indicative:
* ''Ele pensou que eu fosse alto'' (He thought that I was tall [and I am not])
* ''Ele pensou que eu era alto'' (He thought that I was tall [and I am or I am not sure whether I am or not])
* ''Se formos lá'' (If we go there)
* ''Se vamos lá'' (equivalent to "if we are going there")

Below, there is a table demonstrating subjunctive and conditional conjugation for regular verbs of the first paradigm (-ar), exemplified by ''falar'' (to speak) .
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Grammatical person!! Past subjunctive !! Present subjunctive!! Future subjunctive !! Conditional (future of past)
|-
|Eu||falasse || fale || falar || falaria
|-
|Tu|| falasses || fales || falares || falarias
|-
|Ele/Ela|| falasse || fale || falar || falaria
|-
|Nós|| falássemos || falemos || falarmos || falaríamos 
|-
|Vós|| falásseis || faleis || falardes || falaríeis
|-
|Eles/Elas|| falassem || falem || falarem || falariam
|}
'''Compound subjunctives'''

Compound verbs in subjunctive are necessary in more complex sentences, such as subordinate clauses with embedded perfective tenses e.g., perfective state in the future. To form compound subjunctives auxiliar verbs (''ter'' or ''haver'') must conjugate to the respective subjunctive tense, while the main verbs must take their participles.

*Queria que ''houvesses sido eleito'' presidente (I wish you ''had been elected'' president)
*É importante que ''hajas compreendido'' isso. (It is important that you ''have comprehended'' that)
*Quando ''houver sido eleito'' presidente, mudarei a lei (When I ''will have been elected'' president, I will change the law)
*A cidade ''haver-se-ia afundado'' se não fosse por seus alicerces (The city ''would have sunk'', if not for its foundation)

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Grammatical person!! Past subjunctive !! Present subjunctive!! Future subjunctive!! Conditional
|-
|Eu||houvesse/tivesse falado ||haja/tenha falado  ||houver/tiver falado ||haveria/teria falado
|-
|Tu||houvesses/tivesses falado ||hajas/tenhas falado  ||houveres/tiveres falado ||haverias/terias falado
|-
|Ele/Ela||houvesse/tivesse falado ||haja/tenha falado  ||houver/tiver falado ||haveria/teria falado
|-
|Nós||houvéssemos/tivéssemos falado ||hajamos/tenhamos falado  ||houvermos/tivermos falado ||haveríamos/teríamos falado
|-
|Vós||houvésseis/tivésseis falado ||hajais/tenhais falado  ||houverdes/tiverdes falado ||haveríeis/teríeis falado
|-
|Eles/Elas||houvessem/tivessem falado ||hajam/tenham falado  ||houverem/tivermos falado ||haveriam/teriam falado
|}

====Romanian====
{{Main|Romanian verbs}}
Romanian is part of the [[Balkan Sprachbund]] and as such uses the subjunctive (''conjunctiv'') more extensively than other Romance languages. The subjunctive forms always include the [[Grammatical conjunction|conjunction]] ''să'', which within these verbal forms plays the role of a morphological structural element. The subjunctive has two tenses: the past tense and the present tense. It is usually used in subordinate clauses.

'''Present subjunctive'''

The present subjunctive is usually built in the 1st and 2nd person singular and plural by adding the conjunction ''să'' before the present indicative (indicative: ''am'' I have; conjunctive: ''să am'' (that) I have; indicative: ''vii'' you come; conjunctive: ''să vii'' (t/hat) you come). In the 3rd person most verbs have a specific conjunctive form which differs from the indicative either in the ending or in the stem itself; there is however no distinction between the singular and plural of the present conjunctive in the 3rd person (indicative: ''are'' he has; conjunctive: ''să aibă'' (that) he has; indicative: ''au'' they have; conjunctive: ''să aibă'' (that) they have; indicative: ''vine'' he comes; conjunctive: ''să vină'' (that) he comes; indicative: ''vin'' they come; conjunctive: ''să vină'' (that) they come).

The present tense is by far the most widely used of the two subjunctive tenses and is used frequently after verbs that express wish, preference, permission, possibility, request, advice, etc.: ''a vrea'' to want, ''a dori'' to wish, ''a prefera'' to prefer, ''a lăsa'' to let, to allow, ''a ruga'' to ask, ''a sfătui'' to advise, ''a sugera'' to suggest, ''a recomanda'' to recommend, ''a cere'' to demand, to ask for, ''a interzice'' to forbid, ''a permite'' to allow, to give permission, ''a se teme'' to be afraid, etc.

When used independently, the subjunctive indicates a desire, a fear, an order or a request, i.e. has [[Modal verb|modal]] and [[imperative mood|imperative]] values. The present subjunctive is used in questions having the modal value of ''should'':
* ''Să plec?'' Should I leave?
* ''Să mai stau?'' Should I stay longer?
* ''De ce să plece?'' Why should he/she leave?

The present subjunctive is often used as an imperative, mainly for other persons than the second person. When used with the second person, it is even stronger than the imperative. The first-person plural can be preceded by the interjection ''hai'', which intensifies the imperative meaning of the structure:
* ''Să mergem!'' Let us go! or ''Hai să mergem!'' Come on, let's go!
* ''Să plece imediat!'' I want him to leave immediately!
* ''Să-mi aduci un pahar de apă!'' Bring me a glass of water!

The subjunctive present is used in certain set phrases used as greetings in specific situations:
* ''Să creşti mare!'' (to a child, after he or she declared his or her age or thanked for something)
* ''Să ne (să-ţi, să vă) fie de bine!'' (to people who have finished their meals)
* ''Să-l (să o, să le etc.) porţi sănătos / sănătoasă!'' (when somebody shows up in new clothes, with new shoes)
* ''Dumnezeu să-l (s-o, să-i, să le) ierte!'' (after mentioning the name of a person who died recently)
'''Past subjunctive'''

The past tense of the subjunctive mood has one form for all persons and numbers of all the verbs, which is ''să fi'' followed by the [[past participle]] of the verb. The past subjunctive is used after the past optative-conditional of the verbs that require the subjunctive (''a trebui, a vrea, a putea, a fi bine, a fi necesar'', etc.), in constructions that express the necessity, the desire in the past:
* ''Ar fi trebuit să fi rămas acasă.'' You should have stayed home.
* ''Ar fi fost mai bine să mai fi stat.'' It would have been better if we had stayed longer.

When used independently, the past subjunctive indicates a regret related to a past-accomplished action that is seen as undesirable at the moment of speaking:
* ''Să fi rămas acasă'' We should have stayed at home. (Note: the same construction can be used for all persons and numbers.)<ref>[http://www.seelrc.org:8080/grammar/pdf/stand_alone_romanian.pdf Romanian Grammar] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050512152034/http://www.seelrc.org:8080/grammar/pdf/stand_alone_romanian.pdf |date=2005-05-12 }} detailed guide of Romanian grammar and usage.</ref>

===Celtic languages===

====Welsh====
{{See also|Literary Welsh morphology|Colloquial Welsh morphology}}

In [[Welsh language|Welsh]], there are two forms of the subjunctive: present and imperfect. The present subjunctive is barely ever used in spoken Welsh except in certain fixed phrases, and is restricted in most cases to the third person singular. However, it is more likely to be found in literary Welsh, most widely in more old-fashioned registers. The third-person singular is properly used after certain conjunctions and prepositions but in spoken Welsh the present subjunctive is frequently replaced by either the infinitives, the present tense, the conditional, or the future tense (this latter is called the present-future by some grammarians).
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan=2|Present indicative
! colspan=2|Present subjunctive
|-
!English
!Welsh
!English
!Welsh
|-
| I am
| {{Lang|cy|(Ry)dw i/... ydw i}}
| (that) I be
| {{Lang|cy|bwyf, byddwyf}}
|-
| Thou art
| {{Lang|cy|(R)wyt ti/... wyt ti}}
| (that) thou be[est]
| {{Lang|cy|bych, byddych}}
|-
| He is
| {{Lang|cy|Mae e/... ydy e<br />Mae o/...ydy o}}
| (that) he be
| {{Lang|cy|bo, byddo}}
|-
| One is
| {{Lang|cy|Ydys}}
| (that) one be
| {{Lang|cy|bydder}}
|-
| We are
| {{Lang|cy|(Ry)dyn ni/...dyn ni<br /> (Ry)dan ni/... dan ni}}
| (that) we be
| {{Lang|cy|bôm, byddom}}
|-
| You are
| {{Lang|cy|(Ry)dych chi/...dych chi<br /> (Ry)dach chi/... dach chi}}
| (that) you be
| {{Lang|cy|boch, byddoch}}
|-
| They are
| {{Lang|cy|Maen nhw/...dyn nhw}}
| (that) they be
| {{Lang|cy|bônt, byddont}}
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Literary English
! Literary Welsh
! Spoken English
! Spoken Welsh
|-
| When need be
| {{Lang|cy|Pan fo angen}}
| When there'll be need
| {{Lang|cy| Pan fydd angen}}
|-
| Before it be
| {{Lang|cy|Cyn (y) bo}}
| Before it's
| {{Lang|cy|Cyn iddi fod}}
|-
| In order that there be
| {{Lang|cy|Fel y bo}}
| In order for there to be
| {{Lang|cy|Er mwyn bod}}
|-
| She left so that she be safe
| {{Lang|cy|Gadawodd hi fel y bo hi'n ddiogel}}
| She left so that she'd be safe
| {{Lang|cy|Gadawodd hi fel y byddai hi'n ddiogel}}
|-
| It is time that I go
| {{Lang|cy|Mae'n amser yr elwyf}}
| It's time for me to go
| {{Lang|cy|Mae'n amser imi fynd}}
|}

The imperfect subjunctive, as in English, only affects the verb {{Lang|cy|bod}} ("to be"). It is used after {{Lang|cy|pe}} (a form of "if") and it must be accompanied by the conditional subjunctive e.g. {{Lang|cy|Pe '''bawn''' i'n gyfoethog, teithiwn i trwy'r byd.}} = "If I '''were''' rich, I would travel throughout the world."

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan=2|Imperfect indicative
! colspan=2|Conditional subjunctive
! colspan=2|Imperfect subjunctive
|-
! English
!Welsh
! English
!Welsh
! English
!Welsh
|-
| I was
| {{Lang|cy|(R)oeddwn i}}
| I would be
| {{Lang|cy|byddwn i}}
| (that) I were
| {{Lang|cy|bawn i}}
|-
| Thou wast
| {{Lang|cy|(R)oeddet ti}}
| Thou wouldst be
| {{Lang|cy|byddet ti}}
| (that) thou wert
| {{Lang|cy|baet ti}}
|-
| He was<br />She was
| {{Lang|cy|(R)oedd e/o<br /> (R)oedd hi}}
| He would be<br />She would be
| {{Lang|cy|byddai fe/fo<br /> byddai hi}}
| (that) he were<br />(that) she were
| {{Lang|cy|bai fe/fo<br /> bai hi}}
|-
| One was
| {{Lang|cy|(R)oeddid}}
| One would be
| {{Lang|cy|byddid}}
| (that) one were
| {{Lang|cy|byddid}}
|-
| We were
| {{Lang|cy|(R)oeddem ni}}
| We would be
| {{Lang|cy|byddem ni}}
| (that) we were
| {{Lang|cy|baem ni}}
|-
| You were
| {{Lang|cy|(R)oeddech chi}}
| You would be
| {{Lang|cy|byddech chi}}
| (that) you were
| {{Lang|cy|baech chi}}
|-
| They were
| {{Lang|cy|(R)oedden nhw}}
| They would be
| {{Lang|cy|bydden nhw}}
| (that) they were
| {{Lang|cy|baent hwy}}
|}

For all other verbs in Welsh, as in English, the imperfect subjunctive takes the same stems as do the conditional subjunctive and the imperfect indicative.

====Scottish Gaelic====
In [[Scottish Gaelic]], the subjunctive does exist but still takes the forms from the indicative: the present subjunctive takes the (dependent) future forms and the past subjunctive takes the conditional forms. The subjunctive is normally used in proverbs or truisms in phrases that start with 'May...'
For example,
* '''''Gum bi''' Rìgh Ruisiart beò fada!'' – Long live King Richard (lit. May King Richard live long).
* '''''Gum bi''' beanachd Dè oirbh uile!'' – May God bless you all!
* '''''Gun gabh''' e a fhois ann sìth'' – May he rest in peace.

Or when used as the conjunction, the subjunctive is used, like every other language, in a more demanding or wishful statement:
* ''Se àm '''gum fàg''' e a-nis.'' – It is time that he leave now.
* ''Tha e riatanach '''gun tèid''' iad gu sgoil gach là.'' – It is necessary that they go to school every day.
* ''Dh'fhaighnich e '''nach faic''' mi ise.'' – He asked that I not see her.

The subjunctive in Gaelic will sometimes have the conjunction ''gun'' (or ''gum'' before verbs beginning with labial consonants: ''p'', ''b'', ''m'' or ''f'') can be translated as 'that' or as 'May&nbsp;...' while making a wish. For negatives, ''nach'' is used instead.

Note that the present subjunctive is identical to the dependent future tense form, which lacks the ending ''-idh''!

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan=2| Present indicative
!colspan=2| Future
!colspan=2| Present subjunctive
|-
! English
!Gaelic
! English
!Gaelic
! English
!Gaelic
|-
| I am
|''Tha mi/ Is mise''
| I will be
|''Bidh mi''
| (that) I be
|''(gum) bi mi''
|-
| Thou art
|''Tha thu/ Is tusa''
| Thou wilt be
|''Bidh tu''
| (that) thou be[est]
|''(gum) bi thu''
|-
| He is
|''Tha e/ Is e''
| He will be
|''Bidh e''
| (that) he be
|''(gum) bi e''
|-
| One is
|''Thathar''
| One will be
|''Bithear''
| (that) one be
|''(gum) bithear''
|-
| We are
|''Tha sinn/ Is sinne''
| We will be
|''Bidh sinn''
| (that) we be
|''(gum) bi sinn''
|-
| You are
|''Tha sibh/ Is sibhse''
| You will be
|''Bidh sibh''
| (that) you be
|''(gum) bi iad''
|-
| They are
|''Tha iad/ Is iadsan''
| They will be
|''Bidh iad''
| (that) they be
|''(gum) bi iad''
|}

In Scottish Gaelic, the past subjunctive of the verb ''bi'' 'be' is ''robh'', exactly the same as the dependent form of the preterite indicative.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan=2|Preterite indicative
! colspan=2|Conditional 
! colspan=2|Past subjunctive
|-
! English
!Gaelic
! English
!Gaelic
! English
!Gaelic
|-
| I was
|''Bha mi/ Bu mhise''
| I would be
|''Bhithinn''
| (that) I were
|''(gun) robh mi''
|-
| Thou wast
|''Bha thu/ Bu tusa''
| Thou wouldst be
|''Bhiodh tu''
| (that) thou wert
|''(gun) robh thu''
|-
| He was
|''Bha e/ B' e''
| He would be
|''Bhiodh e''
| (that) he were
|''(gun) robh e''
|-
| One was
|''Bhathar''
| One would be
|''Bhite''
| (that) one were
|''(gun) robhas''
|-
| We were
|''Bha sinn/ Bu sinne''
| We would be
|''Bhiodh sinn''
| (that) we were
|''(gun) robh sinn''
|-
| You were
|''Bha sibh/ Bu sibhse''
| You would be
|''Bhiodh sibh''
| (that) you were
|''(gun) robh sibh''
|-
| They were
|''Bha iad/ B' iadsan''
| They would be
|''Bhiodh iad''
| (that) they were
|''(gun) robh iad''
|-
|}

For every other verb in Gaelic, the past subjunctive is identical to the conditional.

Examples:
* '''''Nan robh''' mi beairteach, shiubhlainn air feadh an t-saoghail.'' - If I were rich, I would travel all over the world.
* '''''Mura dèanainn''' m' obair-dhachaigh, bhithinn ann an trioblaid.'' - If I had not done my homework, I would have been in trouble.
Or: '''''Mura robh''' mi air m' obair-dhachaigh a dhèanamh, bhithinn (air a bhith) ann an trioblaid.''

====Irish====
In the [[Irish language]] (Gaeilge), the subjunctive, like in Scottish Gaelic (its sister language), covers the idea of wishing something and so appears in some famous Irish proverbs and blessings. It is considered an old-fashioned tense for daily speech (except in set phrases) but still appears often in print.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eirefirst.com/lesson14.html|title=Ireland First! - Gaelic/Irish lessons: lesson 14|website=www.eirefirst.com|access-date=5 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011020000/http://www.eirefirst.com/lesson14.html|archive-date=11 October 2017}}</ref>

The subjunctive is normally formed from "Go" (which eclipses, and adds "n-" to a verb beginning with a vowel), plus the subjunctive form of the verb, plus the subject, plus the thing being wished for. For instance, the subjunctive form of "téigh" (go) is "té":
* Go dté tú slán.  –  May you be well. (lit: may you go well)

Or again, the subjunctive of "tabhair" (give) is "tuga":
* Go dtuga Dia ciall duit. –  May God give you sense.

Or to take a third example, sometimes the wish is also a curse, like this one from Tory Island in Donegal:
* Go ndéana an Diabhal toirneach de d'anam in Ifreann. – May the Devil make thunder of your soul in Hell.

The subjunctive is generally formed by taking the stem of the verb and adding on the appropriate subjunctive ending depending on broad or slender, and first or second conjugation. For example, to the stem of '''bog''' ''(to move)'' is added '''-a''' giving as its subjunctive in the first person '''boga mé''':

'''First conjugation:'''

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| '''mol''' ''(to praise)''|| mola mé || mola tú || mola sé/sí || molaimid || mola sibh || mola siad
|-
| '''bris''' ''(to break)''|| brise mé || brise tú || brise sé/sí || brisimid || brise sibh || brise siad
|}

'''Second conjugation:'''

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| '''beannaigh''' ''(to bless)'' || beannaí mé || beannaí tú || beannaí sé/sí || beannaímid || beannaí sibh || beannaí siad
|-
| '''bailigh''' ''(to collect)'' || bailí mé || bailí tú || bailí sé/sí || bailímid || bailí sibh || bailí siad
|}

E.g. "go mbeannaí Dia thú" – May God bless you.

There is also some irregularity in certain verbs in the subjunctive. The verb '''bí''' ''(to be)'' is the most irregular verb in Irish (as in most Indo-European languages):
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| '''Present indicative''' || tá mé/táim || tá tú || tá sé/sí || tá muid/táimid || tá sibh || tá siad
|-
| '''Present subjunctive''' || raibh mé || raibh tú || raibh sé/sí || rabhaimid || raibh sibh || raibh siad
|}

The Irish phrase for "thank you" – go raibh maith agat – uses the subjunctive of "bí" and literally means "may there be good at-you".

Some verbs do not follow the conjugation of the subjunctive exactly as conjugated above. These irregularities apply to verbs whose stem ends already in a stressed vowel and thus due to the rules of Irish orthography and pronunciation, cannot take another. For example:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!  !! Present indicative !! Present subjunctive
|-
| '''téigh''' ''(to go)'' || t'''é'''ann tú || té tú
|-
| '''sáigh''' ''(to stab)''|| s'''á'''nn tú || sá tú
|-
| '''luigh''' ''(to lie down)'' || lu'''í'''onn tú || luí tú
|-
| *'''feoigh''' ''(to decay; wither)'' || feonn tú || feo tú
|}
* Although '''feoigh''' doesn't have a ''síneadh fada'' (accent), the 'o' in this position is stressed (pronounced as though it is '''ó''') and thus the subjunctive is irregular.

Where the subjunctive is used in English, it may not be used in Irish and another tense might be used instead. For example:
* If I '''were''' (past subjunctive) you, I would study for the exam tomorrow. – Dá '''mba''' (past/conditional of the [[Copula (linguistics)|copula]]) mise tusa, dhéanfainn (conditional) staidéar le haghaidh an scrúdaithe amárach.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.teanglann.ie/ga/fgb/staid%C3%A9ar|title=Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla (Ó Dónaill): staidéar|website=www.teanglann.ie|access-date=5 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171106075723/http://www.teanglann.ie/ga/fgb/staid%c3%a9ar|archive-date=6 November 2017}}</ref>
* I wish *(that) you '''were''' (past sub.) here. – Is mian liom go '''raibh''' (present sub.) tú anseo.
* It is important that he '''choose''' (present sub.) the right way—Tá sé tábhachtach go '''roghnóidh''' (future indicative) sé ar an mbealach ceart.
*** When '''you're older''' (present ind.), you'll understand – Nuair a '''bheidh'''/'''bheas''' (future ind.) tú níos sine, tuigfidh tú.
** Note that in English, the relative pronoun '''that''' can be omitted; in Irish, the corresponding '''go''' must be retained.
*** Note that in English, the present tense is often used to refer to a future state whereas in Irish there is less freedom with tenses (i.e. time is more strictly bound to the appropriate tense, present for present, past for past, future for future). In this particular example, ''you will be older'' and it is then that ''you will understand''.

=== Indo-Aryan languages ===

==== Hindi-Urdu ====
There are two subjunctive moods in [[Hindi]]-[[Urdu]] ([[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]), first the regular subjunctive and the second, the perfective subjunctive which superficially has the same form as the perfective aspect forms of verbs but still expresses future events, it is only ever used with [[if clause]]s and [[relative pronoun]]s. In a semantic analysis, this use of the perfective aspect marker would not be considered perfective, since it is more closely related to subjunctive usage. Only the superficial form is identical to that of the perfective.<ref name=":1" />

The regular subjunctive mood can be put in two tenses; present and future.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=VAN OLPHEN|first=HERMAN|title=Aspect, Tense, and Mood in the Hindi Verb|date=1975|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/24651488|journal=Indo-Iranian Journal|volume=16|issue=4|pages=284–301|doi=10.1163/000000075791615397|jstor=24651488|issn=0019-7246|access-date=2020-08-17|archive-date=2020-07-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710232215/https://www.jstor.org/stable/24651488|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> There is another mood, called the [[Counterfactual conditional|contrafactual mood]], which serves as both the past subjunctive and the past conditional mood in Hindustani.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lesson 18 - Past Subjunctive in Hindi|url=https://taj.oasis.unc.edu/Hindi.Less.18/grammar03.html|access-date=2020-09-01|website=taj.oasis.unc.edu|archive-date=2024-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240829212618/https://taj.oasis.unc.edu/Hindi.Less.18/grammar03.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Hindi-Urdu, apart from the non-aspectual forms (or the simple aspect) has three grammatical aspects ([[Habitual aspect|habitual]], [[Perfective aspect|perfective]] & [[Progressive aspect|progressive]]) and each aspect can be put five grammatical moods ([[indicative]], [[Presumptive mood|presumptive]], subjunctive, [[Counterfactual conditional|contrafactual]] & [[Imperative mood|imperative]]). The subjunctive mood can be put in the present tense only for the verb '''''honā'' (to be)''' for any other verb only the future sujunctive form exists. Subjunctive mood forms for all the three grammatical aspects of Hindustani for the verbs '''''honā''''' (to be) and '''''karnā''''' (to do) are shown in the table below.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Subjunctive and Contrafactual Conjugations of {{lang|hi|honā}} (to be)
! colspan="2" rowspan="5" |mood
! rowspan="5" |tense
! colspan="6" |singular
! colspan="2" |plural
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |{{gcl|1P}} {{lang|hi|ma͠i}}
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |{{gcl|2P}} {{lang|hi|tum}}{{efn|name=tum/āp|The pronouns {{lang|hi|tum}} and {{lang|hi|āp}} in Hindi-Urdu can be used as both singular and plural pronouns, akin to the English pronoun "you".}}
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |{{gcl|3P}} {{lang|hi|yah/ye, vah/vo}}
! colspan="2" |{{gcl|1P}} {{lang|hi|ham}}
|-
! colspan="2" |{{gcl|2P}} {{lang|hi|āp}}{{efn|name=tum/āp}}
|-
! colspan="2" |{{gcl|2P}} {{lang|hi|tū}}
! colspan="2" |{{gcl|3P}} {{lang|hi|ye, ve/vo}}
|-
! ♂ || ♀
! ♂ || ♀
! ♂ || ♀
! ♂ || ♀
|-
! rowspan="3" |subjunctive
! rowspan="2" |regular
!present
| colspan="2" |{{lang|hi|hū̃}}
| colspan="2" |{{lang|hi|ho}}
| colspan="2" |{{lang|hi|ho}}
| colspan="2" |{{lang|hi|hõ}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |future
| colspan="2" |{{lang|hi|hoū̃}}
| colspan="2" |{{lang|hi|hoo}}
| colspan="2" |{{lang|hi|hoe}}
| colspan="2" |{{lang|hi|hoẽ}}
|-
!perfective
|{{lang|hi|huā}}
|{{lang|hi|huī}}
|{{lang|hi|hue}}
|{{lang|hi|huī}}
|{{lang|hi|huā}}
|{{lang|hi|huī}}
|{{lang|hi|hue}}
|{{lang|hi|huī̃}}
|-
! colspan="2" |contrafactual
!past
|{{lang|hi|hotā}}
|{{lang|hi|hotī}}
|{{lang|hi|hote}}
|{{lang|hi|hotī}}
|{{lang|hi|hotā}}
|{{lang|hi|hotī}}
|{{lang|hi|hote}}
|{{lang|hi|hotī̃}}
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Subjunctive and Contrafactual Aspectual Forms of {{lang|hi|karnā}} (to do)
! colspan="2" rowspan="5" |mood
! rowspan="5" |tense
! colspan="6" |singular
! colspan="2" |plural
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |{{gcl|1P}} {{lang|hi|ma͠i}}
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |{{gcl|2P}} {{lang|hi|tum}}{{efn|name=tum/āp}}
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |{{gcl|3P}} {{lang|hi|yah/ye, vah/vo}}
! colspan="2" |{{gcl|1P}} {{lang|hi|ham}}
|-
! colspan="2" |{{gcl|2P}} {{lang|hi|āp}}{{efn|name=tum/āp}}
|-
! colspan="2" |{{gcl|2P}} {{lang|hi|tū}}
! colspan="2" |{{gcl|3P}} {{lang|hi|ye, ve/vo}}
|-
! ♂ || ♀
! ♂ || ♀
! ♂ || ♀
! ♂ || ♀
|-
! colspan="11" |HABITUAL ASPECT{{efn|Habitual aspect in Hindi-Urdu requires the copula {{lang|hi|rêhnā}} (to stay) to form future tense forms, progressive and perfective mood can use {{lang|hi|rêhnā}} (to stay) as well to form synonymous future subjunctive forms.}}
|-
! rowspan="3" |subjunctive
! rowspan="2" |regular
!present
|{{lang|hi|kartā hū̃}}
|{{lang|hi|kartī hū̃}}
|{{lang|hi|karte ho}}
|{{lang|hi|kartī ho}}
|{{lang|hi|kartā ho}}
|{{lang|hi|kartī ho}}
|{{lang|hi|kartā hõ}}
|{{lang|hi|kartī hõ}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |future{{efn|name=future|Perfective aspect in Hindi-Urdu requires the perfective past forms of the copula {{lang|hi|rêhnā}} (to stay) to form the perfective (future) subjunctive forms.}}
|{{lang|hi|kartā rahū̃}}
|{{lang|hi|kartī rahū̃}}
|{{lang|hi|karte raho}}
|{{lang|hi|kartī raho}}
|{{lang|hi|kartā rahe}}
|{{lang|hi|kartī rahe}}
|{{lang|hi|karte rahẽ}}
|{{lang|hi|kartī rahẽ}}
|-
!perfective
|{{lang|hi|kartā rahā}}
|{{lang|hi|kartī rahī}}
|{{lang|hi|karte rahe}}
|{{lang|hi|kartī rahī}}
|{{lang|hi|kartā rahā}}
|{{lang|hi|kartī rahī}}
|{{lang|hi|karte rahe}}
|{{lang|hi|kartī rahī̃}}
|-
! colspan="2" |contrafactual
!past
|{{lang|hi|kartā hotā}}
|{{lang|hi|kartī hotī}}
|{{lang|hi|karte hote}}
|{{lang|hi|kartī hotī}}
|{{lang|hi|kartā hotā}}
|{{lang|hi|kartī hotī}}
|{{lang|hi|karte hote}}
|{{lang|hi|kartī hotī̃}}
|-
! colspan="11" |PERFECTIVE ASPECT
|-
! rowspan="3" |subjunctive
! rowspan="2" |regular
!present
|{{lang|hi|kiyā hū̃}}
|{{lang|hi|kī hū̃}}
|{{lang|hi|kiye ho}}
|{{lang|hi|kī ho}}
|{{lang|hi|kiyā ho}}
|{{lang|hi|kī ho}}
|{{lang|hi|kiye hõ}}
|{{lang|hi|kī hõ}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |future{{efn|name=future}}
|{{lang|hi|kiyā hoū̃}}
|{{lang|hi|kī hoū̃}}
|{{lang|hi|kiye hoo}}
|{{lang|hi|kī hoo}}
|{{lang|hi|kiyā hoe}}
|{{lang|hi|kī hoe}}
|{{lang|hi|kiye hoẽ}}
|{{lang|hi|kī hoẽ}}
|-
!perfective
|{{lang|hi|kiyā rahā}}
|{{lang|hi|kī rahī}}
|{{lang|hi|kiye rahe}}
|{{lang|hi|kī rahī}}
|{{lang|hi|kiyā rahā}}
|{{lang|hi|kī rahī}}
|{{lang|hi|kiye rahe}}
|{{lang|hi|kī rahī̃}}
|-
! colspan="2" |contrafactual
!past
|{{lang|hi|kiyā hotā}}
|{{lang|hi|kī hotī}}
|{{lang|hi|kiye hote}}
|{{lang|hi|kī hotī}}
|{{lang|hi|kiyā hotā}}
|{{lang|hi|kī hotī}}
|{{lang|hi|kiye hote}}
|{{lang|hi|kī hotī̃}}
|-
! colspan="11" |PROGRESSIVE ASPECT{{efn|Unlike English, in which both the continuous and the progressive aspect have the same -ing form, the progressive aspect of Hindi-Urdu cannot convey the continuous aspect.}}
|-
! rowspan="3" |subjunctive
! rowspan="2" |regular
!present
|{{lang|hi|kar rahā hū̃}}
|{{lang|hi|kar rahī hū̃}}
|{{lang|hi|kar rahe ho}}
|{{lang|hi|kar rahī ho}}
|{{lang|hi|kar rahā ho}}
|{{lang|hi|kar rahī ho}}
|{{lang|hi|kar rahe hõ}}
|{{lang|hi|kar rahī hõ}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |future
|{{lang|hi|kar rahā hoū̃}}
|{{lang|hi|kar rahī hoū̃}}
|{{lang|hi|kar rahe hoo}}
|{{lang|hi|kar rahī hoo}}
|{{lang|hi|kar rahā hoe}}
|{{lang|hi|kar rahī hoe}}
|{{lang|hi|kar rahe hoẽ}}
|{{lang|hi|kar rahī hoẽ}}
|-
!perfective
|{{lang|hi|kar rahā huā}}
|{{lang|hi|kar rahī huī}}
|{{lang|hi|kar rahe hue}}
|{{lang|hi|kar rahī huī}}
|{{lang|hi|kar rahā hua}}
|{{lang|hi|kar rahī huī}}
|{{lang|hi|kar rahe hue}}
|{{lang|hi|kar rahī huī̃}}
|-
! colspan="2" |contrafactual
!past
|{{lang|hi|kar rahā hotā}}
|{{lang|hi|kar rahī hotī}}
|{{lang|hi|kar rahe hote}}
|{{lang|hi|kar rahī hotī}}
|{{lang|hi|kar rahā hotā}}
|{{lang|hi|kar rahī hotī}}
|{{lang|hi|kar rahe hote}}
|{{lang|hi|kar rahī hotī̃}}
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Subjunctive and Contrafactual Conjugations of {{lang|hi|karnā}} (to do)
! colspan="2" rowspan="5" |mood
! rowspan="5" |tense
! colspan="6" |singular
! colspan="2" |plural
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |{{gcl|1P}} {{lang|hi|ma͠i}}
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |{{gcl|2P}} {{lang|hi|tum}}{{efn|name=tum/āp}}
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |{{gcl|3P}} {{lang|hi|yah/ye, vah/vo}}
! colspan="2" |{{gcl|1P}} {{lang|hi|ham}}
|-
! colspan="2" |{{gcl|2P}} {{lang|hi|āp}}{{efn|name=tum/āp}}
|-
! colspan="2" |{{gcl|2P}} {{lang|hi|tū}}
! colspan="2" |{{gcl|3P}} {{lang|hi|ye, ve/vo}}
|-
! ♂ || ♀
! ♂ || ♀
! ♂ || ♀
! ♂ || ♀
|-
! rowspan="2" |subjunctive
!regular
! rowspan="2" |future
| colspan="2" |{{lang|hi|karū̃}}
| colspan="2" |{{lang|hi|karo}}
| colspan="2" |{{lang|hi|kare}}
| colspan="2" |{{lang|hi|karẽ}}
|-
!perfective
|{{lang|hi|kiyā}}
|{{lang|hi|kī}}
|{{lang|hi|kiye}}
|{{lang|hi|kī}}
|{{lang|hi|kiyā}}
|{{lang|hi|kī}}
|{{lang|hi|kiye}}
|{{lang|hi|kī̃}}
|-
! colspan="2" |contrafactual
!past
|{{lang|hi|kartā}}
|{{lang|hi|kartī}}
|{{lang|hi|karte}}
|{{lang|hi|kartī}}
|{{lang|hi|kartā}}
|{{lang|hi|kartī}}
|{{lang|hi|karte}}
|{{lang|hi|kartī̃}}
|}
{{notelist}}

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" |
!Example Sentence
|-
! rowspan="3" |Subjunctive 
! rowspan="2" |Regular
!Present
|{{interlinear|uskī tabiyat sahī '''ho''' bas.|his/her.GEN health.NOM correct.ADJ be.SBJV.PRS only|(I only hope that) his/her health '''is''' in good condition.}}
|-
!Future
|{{interlinear|ummīd kar rahī hū̃ ki '''bole''' vo kuch use.|hope do stay.PTCP be.1P.SG. that tell.SBJV.FUT. he/she.NOM something him/her.DAT|I am hoping he/she '''tells''' something to him/her.}}
|-
!Perfective
!Future
|{{interlinear|ma͠i usse pūchū̃ aur usne nahī̃ '''batāyā''' to?|I.NOM him/her.INST ask.1P.SBJV.SG and he/she.ERG not tell.SBJV.PFV.FUT then|(In the case that) I ask him and he doesn't '''tell''' (me) then?}}
|-
! colspan="2" |Contrafactual
!Past
|{{interlinear|kāsh usne usī din ye bāt {batā '''dī''' '''hotī'''.}|{I wish} he/she.ERG that.DEM.EMPH day.NOM this.DEM matter.NOM.FEM tell.{{gcl|CONTRA|contrafactual mood}}.FEM|I wish he/she '''had told''' me about this thing on that day itself.}}
|}

===Slavic languages===
The Slavic languages lost the Proto-Indo-European subjunctive altogether, while the old optative was repurposed as the imperative mood. Some modern Slavic languages have developed a new subjunctive-like construction,<ref name="tomaszewicz">Anastasia Smirnova, Vedrana Mihaliček, Lauren Ressue, ''Formal Studies in Slavic Linguistics'', Cambridge Scholar Publishing, Newcastle upon Type, Wielka Brytania, 2010: Barbara Tomaszewicz, Subjunctive Mood in Polish and the Clause Typing Hypothesis</ref><ref name="kagan">Kagan Olga, ''Semantics of Genitive Objects in Russian'', Springer 2013: Subjunctive Mood and the Notion of Commitment, series Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, {{ISBN|978-94-007-5225-2}}</ref> although there is no consistent terminology. For example, some authors do not distinguish the subjunctive mood from the optative ("wishing") mood,<ref name="medak">Mędak Stanisław, ''Praktyczny słownik łączliwości składniowej czasowników polskich'', Universitas, Kraków, Polska, 2003</ref>
others do.<ref name="muczkowski">Muczkowski Józef, ''Gramatyka języka Polskiego'', Kraków 1836, pp. 228</ref>

====Polish====
The subjunctive mood is formed using the ''by'' particle, either alone or forming a single word with the complex conjunctions ''żeby'', ''iżby'', ''ażeby'', ''aby'', ''coby''.<ref name="muczkowski" /><ref name = "migdalski">Migdalski K. ''The Syntax of Compound Tenses in Slavic'', Utrecht 2006</ref> The mood does not have its own morphology, but instead a rule that the ''by''-containing particle must be placed in front of the dependent clause.<ref name="tomaszewicz" /> Compare:
* ''Upieram się, że wychodzi'' indicative - I insist that he is leaving;
* ''Upieram się, (że)by wyszedł'' subjunctive - I insist that he leave;
* ''Upieram się, że wyszedłby'' conditional - I insist that he would leave.

The subjunctive mood in the dependent clause is obligatory in the case of certain independent clauses, for example it is incorrect to say <del>''chcę, że to zrobi''</del>, but the subjunctive mood must be used instead: ''chcę, by to zrobił''.

The subjunctive can never be mistaken with the conditional,<ref name="tomaszewicz" /> despite that in the case of the conditional mood the clitic ''by'' and derivatives can move. See that in the following examples:
* ''Upieram się, że wtedy by nie wyszedł'' conditional - I insist that he would not have left then [at that time];
* ''Upieram się, że by wówczas nie wyszedł'' conditional - I insist that he would not have left then/[at that time]/[in that case];
* ''Myślę, że on by akurat wyszedł'' conditional - I think that he would have just left [a moment ago];
* ''Myślę, że gdyby wyszedł, ...'' conditional - I think, that if he would have left, ...
There is no conjunction, which would indicate the subjunctive. In particular, there is no ''żeby''.

Compare to the closely related [[optative mood]], e.g. the subjunctive ''nie nalegam, by wysłał list'' vs the optative ''oby wysłał list''.

====Bulgarian====
Modal distinctions in subordinate clauses are expressed not through verb endings, but through the choice of [[complementizer]] -  ''че (che)'' or ''да (da)'' (which might both be translated with the [[relative pronoun]] "that"). The verbs remain unchanged. In ordinary sentences, the imperfective [[Grammatical aspect|aspect]] is most often used for the indicative, and the perfective for the subjunctive, but any combination is possible, with the corresponding change in meaning.
* e.g. iskam da stanesh (perfective) / iskam da stavash (imperfective) - i want you to get up.
The latter is more insisting, since the imperfective is the more immediate construction. Thus:
* [[Indicative mood|Indicative]] - '''че''' -
** e.g. ''знам, че си тук - znam, '''che''' si tuk'' - I know that you are here;
* Subjunctive - '''да''' -
** e.g. ''настоявам да си тук - nastoyavam '''da''' si tuk'' - I insist that you be here.