Editing Subshrub (section)

==Definition==
A '''chamaephyte, subshrub''' or '''dwarf-shrub''' is a plant that bears hibernating buds on persistent shoots near the ground – usually woody plants with [[Perennating organ|perennating]] buds borne close to the ground, usually less than {{convert|25|cm|in}} above the soil surface. The significance of the closeness to the ground is that the buds remain within the soil surface layer and are thus somewhat protected from various adverse external influences. Accordingly, the chamaephyte [[Habit (biology)|habit]] is especially common in stressful environments, for example: 
* ecosystems on nutrient-poor soils or [[Rock (geology)|rock]]<ref name="Specht1981">{{cite book|author=Raymond Louis Specht|title=Heathlands and related shrublands: analytical studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5X7wAAAAMAAJ|date=1 February 1981|publisher=Elsevier Scientific Pub. Co.|isbn=9780444418098|access-date=13 October 2016|archive-date=2 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402161123/https://books.google.com/books?id=5X7wAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>
* exposed alpine or arctic ecosystems where seasonal or perennial wind and freezing conditions are prone to kill vulnerable growing shoots<ref>{{citation | doi = 10.2307/3558409 | title = Comparative Vessel Anatomy of Arctic Deciduous and Evergreen Dicots | year = 2001 | author1 = Dennis M. Gorsuch | author2 = Steven F. Oberbauer | author3 = Jack B. Fisher | author4 = Dennis M. Gorsuch | author5 = Steven F. Oberbauer | author6 = Jack B. Fisher | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 88 | pages = 1643–1649 | jstor = 3558409 | issue = 9 | pmid = 21669698 | bibcode = 2001AmJB...88.1643G }}</ref>
* ecosystems subject to frequent fires and burning, where many species of e.g. ''[[Banksia]]'' or ''[[Eucalyptus]]'' regrow from a [[lignotuber]] or [[caudex]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Fire in Mediterranean Ecosystems|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qx2adrY9AukC&pg=PA500|year=2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-82491-0|pages=500–|access-date=2016-10-13|archive-date=2023-04-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402161137/https://books.google.com/books?id=Qx2adrY9AukC&pg=PA500|url-status=live}}</ref>  
* heavily grazed or overgrazed ecosystems, such as [[Aldabra giant tortoise#Ecology|tortoise turf]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Israel Journal of Botany|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CrFLAQAAIAAJ|year=1975|publisher=Weizmann Science Press of Israel|access-date=2016-10-13|archive-date=2023-04-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402161134/https://books.google.com/books?id=CrFLAQAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>