Editing Subutai (section)

==Early life==
Historians believe Subutai was born in the year 1175,<ref>Gabriel, Richard. "Genghis Khan's Greatest General Subotai the Valiant". University of Oklahoma Press, 2004, p. 6.</ref> probably just west of the upper [[Onon River]] in what is now [[Mongolia]]. Some historical accounts claim that he belonged to the [[Uriankhai]] clan. As a member of the reindeer people, according to these accounts, Subutai lacked the natural horsemanship training from birth that all Mongols possessed, making him an outsider among them.<ref>Gabriel, 6–8.</ref>

However, recent scholarship has discounted this earlier narrative. Stephen Pow and Jingjing Liao note that "...the sense of irony conjured by imagining that the Mongol Empire’s greatest general was a reindeer-herding outsider to steppe nomadic culture has a strong literary appeal to modern authors."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pow |first1=Stephen |last2=Liao |first2=Jingjing |title=Subutai: Sorting Fact from Fiction Surrounding the Mongol Empire's Greatest General (With Translations of Subutai's Two Biographies in the ''Yuan Shi'') |journal=Journal of Chinese Military History |date=2018 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=43–44 |doi=10.1163/22127453-12341323|s2cid=158550216 }}</ref>

In fact, Subutai's family had been associated with the family of Temujin (future Genghis Khan) for many generations. Subutai's great-great-grandfather, Nerbi, was supposedly an ally of the Mongol Khan Tumbina Sechen. Subutai's father, Jarchigudai, supposedly supplied food to Temujin and his followers when they were in dire straits at lake Baljuna, and Subutai's elder brother [[Jelme]] also served as a general in the Mongol army and was a close companion of Temujin. Jelme rescued a severely wounded Temujin (hit by an arrow from [[Jebe]], then an enemy) in the process of unification of the Mongolian plateau. Another brother, Chaurkhan (also romanized as Ca'urqan) is mentioned in the [[The Secret History of the Mongols|Secret History of the Mongols]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Tsendiin Damdinsüren |year=1970 |title=Монголын нууц товчоо |edition=1st |language=mn |trans-title=[[The Secret History of the Mongols]] |chapter=120 (III)}}</ref>

According to Subutai's biography in the [[History of Yuan]], Subutai's father was once driving a herd of sheep in order to present them to his overlord, Taizu (Genghis Khan). Encountering robbers, he was seized. Huluhun (Subutai's brother) and Subutai arrived in good time, and with their lances stabbed some of the robbers. Horses and men fell together, and the remainder of the band withdrew and departed. Consequently, they relieved their father's difficulty, and the sheep were able to attain the emperor's station.<ref>Yuanshi 121, 122 in: Pow, Stephen and Liao, Jingjing: Subutai – Sorting Fact from Fiction Surrounding the Mongol Empire’s Greatest General (With Translations of Subutai’s Two Biographies in the ''Yuan Shi''). ''Journal of Chinese Military History'', Volume 7, Issue 1. Brill, Leiden, 2018, pp. 51–52, 69.</ref>

Despite this close family association, some consider Subutai's career proof that the [[Mongol Empire]] was a [[meritocracy]]. He was a commoner by birth, the son of Jarchigudai, who was supposedly a [[blacksmith]]. When he was 14 years old, Subutai left his clan to join Temujin's army, following in the footsteps of his older brother Jelme who had joined when he was 17 years old, and he rose to the very highest command available to one who was not a blood relative to Genghis.<ref>Gabriel 2004, pp. 1, 3.</ref>  Within a decade he rose to become a general, in command of one of 4 [[Tumen (unit)|tumens]] operating in the vanguard. During the invasion of Northern China in 1211, Subutai was partnered with the senior Mongol general Jebe, an apprentice and partnership they would maintain until Jebe's death in 1223. In 1212, he took Huan by storm, the first major independent exploit mentioned in the sources. Genghis Khan is reported to have called him one of his "dogs of war," who were 4 of his 8 top lieutenants, in ''[[The Secret History of the Mongols]]'':<ref>Cummins, Joseph. ''History's Great Untold Stories: Larger Than Life Characters & Dramatic Events That Changed the World.'' 2006. Washington D.C.: National Geographic Society, 2006. Print.</ref>

{{blockquote|They are the Four Dogs of Temujin. They have foreheads of brass, their jaws are like scissors, their tongues like piercing awls, their heads are iron, their whipping tails swords . . . In the day of battle, they devour enemy flesh. Behold, they are now unleashed, and they slobber at the mouth with glee. These four dogs are [[Jebe]], and Kublai (different than [[Kublai Khan]]), [[Jelme]], and Subotai.|The Secret History of the Mongols}}

Appointed to the prestigious post of Genghis Khan's ger (yurt) door guard during his teen years, Mongol histories say that Subutai said to [[Genghis Khan]], "I will ward off your enemies as felt cloth protects one from the wind."<ref name=Saunders>Saunders, J. J. (1971). ''The History of the Mongol Conquests'', Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. {{ISBN|0-8122-1766-7}}</ref> This access enabled him to listen on, and later join, the Mongol strategy meetings somewhere around his late teens and early twenties.<ref>Gabriel, 10</ref> Throughout most of Genghis Khan's lifetime, Subutai would have the opportunity to apprentice on detached missions under the elite [[Jebe]] (1211–12, 1213–14, 1219–23) and [[Muqali]] (1213–14), in addition to Genghis Khan himself (1219).

Subutai's first chance at independent command came in 1197 during action against the [[Merkit]], when he was 22 years old. Subutai's role was to act as the vanguard and defeat one of the Merkit camps at the Tchen River. Subutai refused Genghis Khan's offer for extra elite troops, and instead traveled to the Merkit camp alone, posing as a Mongol deserter. Subutai managed to convince the Merkits that the main Mongol army was far away, and they were in no danger. As a result, the Merkit lowered their guard and limited their patrols, allowing the Mongols to easily surprise and encircle the Merkits, capturing two generals.<ref>Gabriel, 12–13.</ref>  He also served as a commander of the vanguard with distinction in the 1204 battle against the Naiman that gave the Mongols total control over Mongolia.