Editing Sunscreen (section)

== History ==
[[File:Malagasy Woman (26905387615).jpg|thumb|[[Malagasy people|Malagasy]] woman from [[Madagascar]] wearing [[masonjoany]], a traditional sunscreen whose use dates back to the 18th century]]
[[File:Thanaka girls.JPG|thumb|Burmese girls wearing ''[[thanaka]]'' for sun protection and cosmetic purposes]] 
Early civilizations used a variety of plant products to help protect the skin from sun damage. For example, [[ancient Greeks]] used olive oil for this purpose, and [[ancient Egypt]]ians used extracts of rice, jasmine, and lupine plants whose products are still used in skin care today.<ref name="Sunscreen Evolution">{{cite book | vauthors = Nadim S |title=Sunscreens : regulations and commercial development |date=2005 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0824757946 | veditors = Shaath N |edition=3rd |location=Boca Raton, Fl. |chapter=Sunscreen Evolution |name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> Zinc oxide paste has also been popular for skin protection for thousands of years.<ref>{{cite book |title=2000 Years of Zinc and Brass |vauthors=Craddock PT |publisher=British Museum |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-86159-124-4 |page=27}}</ref> Among the nomadic sea-going [[Sama-Bajau people]] of the [[Philippines]], [[Malaysia]], and [[Indonesia]], a common type of sun protection is a paste called ''[[borak (cosmetic)|borak]]'' or ''[[borak (cosmetic)|burak]]'', which was made from water weeds, rice and spices. It is used most commonly by women to protect the face and exposed skin areas from the harsh tropical sun at sea.<ref name="Al Jazeera">{{cite web | vauthors = Tilmantaite B |date=20 March 2014 |title=In Pictures: Nomads of the sea |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/2014/03/pictures-nomads-sea-2014312760932684.html |access-date=22 December 2014 |publisher=Al Jazeera |archive-date=October 2, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002083416/https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/2014/03/pictures-nomads-sea-2014312760932684.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In [[Myanmar]], [[thanaka]], a yellow-white cosmetic paste made of ground bark, is traditionally used for sun protection. In [[Madagascar]], a ground wood paste called [[masonjoany]] has been worn for sun protection, as well as decoration and insect repellent, since the 18th century, and is ubiquitous in the Northwest coastal regions of the island to this day.<ref>{{Citation | vauthors = Randrianarivony TN, Rakotoarivelo NH, Randriamalala JR |title=Ethnobotany of Madagascar |date=2022-11-15 |work=The New Natural History of Madagascar |pages=237 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-22940-9 |doi=10.2307/j.ctv2ks6tbb.34 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | author = Miora |date=2020-09-06 |title=Le masque au Santal |url=https://www.madavoyages.com/le-masque-au-santal |access-date=2023-07-04 |website=Mada Voyages |language=fr-FR}}</ref>

The first ultraviolet B filters were produced in 1928.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ma Y, Yoo J | title = History of sunscreen: An updated view | journal = Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology | volume = 20 | issue = 4 | pages = 1044–1049 | date = April 2021 | pmid = 33583116 | doi = 10.1111/jocd.14004 | s2cid = 231928055 }}</ref> Followed by the first sunscreen, invented in Australia by chemist H.A. Milton Blake, in 1932<ref name="Lim_2004">{{Cite book | chapter = Photoprotection | vauthors = Lim HW, Thomas L, Rigel DS | veditors = Rigel DS, Weiss RA, Lim HW, Dover JS | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RvCINU2hOHAC&q=milton+blake+sunscreen&pg=PA74 |title=Photoaging |pages=73–74 |date=2004-01-30 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-0-8247-5209-5 |language=en}}</ref> formulating with the UV filter 'salol' (Phenyl salicylate) at a concentration of 10%.<ref>{{Cite book | veditors = Rigel DS, Weiss RA, Lim HW, Dover JS  |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RvCINU2hOHAC |title=Photoaging |date=2004-01-30 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-0-8247-5209-5 |language=en}}</ref> Its protection was verified by the [[University of Adelaide]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=7 Wonders of South Australia winners: Innovations - ABC (none) - Australian Broadcasting Corporation |url=https://www.abc.net.au/local/stories/2014/07/23/4051703.htm |access-date=2021-07-06 |website=www.abc.net.au |archive-date=September 15, 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220915024051/https://www.abc.net.au/local/stories/2014/07/23/4051703.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=History Of Hamilton |url=https://www.hamiltonsunandskin.com.au/history-of-hamilton |access-date=2021-07-06 |website=Hamilton |language=en-US |archive-date=July 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185940/https://www.hamiltonsunandskin.com.au/history-of-hamilton |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1936, [[L'Oreal]] released its first sunscreen product, formulated by French chemist [[Eugène Schueller]].<ref name="Lim_2004" />

The US military was an early adopter of sunscreen. In 1944, as the hazards of sun overexposure became apparent to soldiers stationed in the Pacific tropics at the height of [[World War II]],<ref name="lim">{{cite web | vauthors = Lim HW |title=Quantum Leaps: New, Improved Sunscreens Have Arrived |url=http://www.skincancer.org/prevention/sun-protection/sunscreen/Quantum-Leaps-New-Improved-Sunscreens-Have-Arrived |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414193648/http://www.skincancer.org/prevention/sun-protection/sunscreen/Quantum-Leaps-New-Improved-Sunscreens-Have-Arrived |archive-date=April 14, 2012 |publisher=[[The Skin Cancer Foundation]]}}</ref><ref name="Lim_2004" /><ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Wang SQ, Hu JY  |title=Challenges in Making an Effective Sunscreen |url=http://www.skincancer.org/publications/the-melanoma-letter/summer-2012-vol-30-no-2/effective-sunscreen |access-date=2014-06-12 |publisher=The Skin Cancer Foundation |archive-date=June 27, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627205141/http://www.skincancer.org/publications/the-melanoma-letter/summer-2012-vol-30-no-2/effective-sunscreen |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Maceachern WN, Jillson OF | title = A Practical Sunscreen -- "RED VET PET" | journal = Archives of Dermatology | volume = 89 | issue = 1 | pages = 147–150 | date = January 1964 | pmid = 14070829 | doi = 10.1001/archderm.1964.01590250153027 }}</ref> Benjamin Green, an airman and later a [[pharmacist]] produced Red Vet Pet (for red veterinary petrolatum) for the US military. Sales boomed when [[Coppertone]] improved and commercialized the substance under the [[Coppertone girl]] and [[Bain de Soleil]] branding in the early 1950s. In 1946, [[Austria]]n chemist Franz Greiter introduced a product, called ''Gletscher Crème'' (Glacier Cream), subsequently became the basis for the company Piz Buin, named in honor of [[Piz Buin|the mountain]] where Greiter allegedly received the sunburn.<ref name="Shaath">{{cite book |title=Sunscreens: Regulations and Commercial Development, Third Edition |publisher=Taylor & Francis Group |year=2005 |veditors=Shaath NA}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=June 23, 2010 |title=Sunscreen: A History |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/24/fashion/24skinside.html |access-date=July 24, 2014 |archive-date=November 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111205356/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/24/fashion/24skinside.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Gletscher Crème |url=http://www.pizbuin.com/v1/en/brand_story.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100512061324/http://www.pizbuin.com/v1/en/brand_story.html |archive-date=2010-05-12 |access-date=2013-06-29 |work=2010-04-22 |publisher=Piz Buin}}</ref>

In 1974, Greiter adapted earlier calculations from Friedrich Ellinger and Rudolf Schulze and introduced the "sun protection factor" (SPF), which has become the global standard for measuring UVB protection.<ref name="lim" /><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g-YCKEPYMpYC&pg=PA6 |title=Photodermatology |publisher=CRC Press |year=2007 |isbn=9781420019964 |veditors=Lim HW, Hönigsmann H, Hawk JL |page=6 |access-date=July 24, 2014}}</ref> It has been estimated that ''Gletscher Crème'' had an SPF of 2.

Water-resistant sunscreens were introduced in 1977,<ref name="Lim_2004" /> and recent development efforts have focused on overcoming later concerns by making sunscreen protection both longer-lasting and broader-spectrum (protection from both UVA & UVB rays), more environmentally friendly,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Scheele A, Sutter K, Karatum O, Danley-Thomson AA, Redfern LK | title = Environmental impacts of the ultraviolet filter oxybenzone | journal = The Science of the Total Environment | volume = 863 | pages = 160966 | date = March 2023 | pmid = 36535482 | doi = 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160966 | s2cid = 254818408 | bibcode =  2023ScTEn.86360966S}}</ref> more appealing to use<ref name="lim" /> and addressing the safety concerns of petrochemical sunscreens, i.e. FDA studies showing their systematic absorption into the bloodstream.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Research |first=Center for Drug Evaluation and |date=2022-12-16 |title=An update on sunscreen requirements: The deemed final order and the proposed order |url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/news-events-human-drugs/update-sunscreen-requirements-deemed-final-order-and-proposed-order |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924153231/https://www.fda.gov/drugs/news-events-human-drugs/update-sunscreen-requirements-deemed-final-order-and-proposed-order |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 24, 2021 |journal=FDA |language=en}}</ref>