Editing Superdelegate (section)

==In Democratic National Conventions==
===Description of superdelegates===
Of all the delegates to the Democratic National Convention, slightly under 15% are superdelegates.<ref name="WhoAre">Drew DeSilver, [https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2016/05/05/who-are-the-democratic-superdelegates/ Who are the Democratic superdelegates?], [[Pew Research Center]] (May 5, 2016).</ref> According to the [[Pew Research Center]], superdelegates are "the embodiment of the institutional Democratic Party – everyone from former presidents, congressional leaders and big-money fundraisers to mayors, labor leaders and longtime local party functionaries."<ref name="WhoAre"/> Democratic superdelegates are formally described (in Rule 9.A) as automatic (or unpledged) '''party leader and elected official''' ('''PLEO''') delegates; each falls into one or more of the following categories based on other positions they hold:<ref>{{cite web|url= http://demrulz.org/wp-content/files/12.15.14_2016_Delegate_Selection_Documents_Mailing_-_Rules_Call_Regs_Model_Plan_Checklist_12.15.14.pdf |title=Delegate Selection Materials For the 2016 Democratic National Convention |date=December 15, 2014 |access-date=April 16, 2016}}</ref><ref name=2020Rules>{{cite web|title=Delegate Selection Rules for the 2020 Democratic National Convention|url=https://democrats.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/2020-Delegate-Selection-Rules-12.17.18-FINAL.pdf|publisher=Democratic National Committee|date=August 25, 2018}}</ref> 

# Elected members of the [[Democratic National Committee]].<ref name=2020Rules/> Elected DNC members include "the chairs and vice chairs of each state and territorial Democratic Party; 212 national committeemen and committeewomen elected to represent their states; top officials of the DNC itself and several of its auxiliary groups (such as the Democratic Attorneys General Association, the [[National Federation of Democratic Women]] and the [[Young Democrats of America]]); and 75 at-large members who are nominated by the party chairman and chosen by the full DNC."<ref name="WhoAre"/> Most at-large DNC members "are local party leaders, officeholders and donors or representatives of important Democratic constituencies, such as [[organized labor]]."<ref name="WhoAre"/> At the [[2016 Democratic National Convention]], there were 437 DNC members (with 433 votes) who were superdelegates.<ref name="WhoAre"/>
# Democratic governors (including territorial governors and the [[mayor of the District of Columbia]]).<ref name=2020Rules/><ref name="WhoAre"/> There were 21 Democratic governors who were superdelegates at the 2016 Democratic National Convention.<ref name="WhoAre"/>
# Democratic members of [[United States Congress|Congress]].<ref name=2020Rules/> There were 191 U.S. representatives (including [[Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives|non-voting delegates]] from [[Washington, D.C.]], and territories) and 47 U.S. senators (including [[Shadow congressperson|Washington, D.C., shadow senators]]) who were superdelegates at the 2016 Democratic National Convention.<ref name="WhoAre"/>
# Any sitting Democratic president or vice president, if applicable.<ref name=2020Rules/> 
# Distinguished party leaders: consisting of all former Democratic presidents, vice presidents, congressional leaders (Democratic speakers of the U.S. House of Representatives, Democratic minority leaders of the House, and Democratic leaders of the Senate, and DNC chairs).<ref name=2020Rules/><ref name="WhoAre"/> There were 20 of these who were superdelegates at the 2016 Democratic National Convention.<ref name="WhoAre"/>

Because the number of superdelegates depends on the number of Democratic members of Congress and Democratic governors, the exact number of superdelegates may change during the primary season (ahead of the convention) due to officials' deaths, resignations, or [[special election]]s.<ref>{{Cite news| title = With Spitzer out, number of Democratic superdelegates drops by 1| newspaper = [[The Dallas Morning News]]| date = March 18, 2008| url = http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/news/politics/national/stories/DN-delegates_18pol.ART.State.Edition1.460b9ea.html| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080508220825/http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/news/politics/national/stories/DN-delegates_18pol.ART.State.Edition1.460b9ea.html| url-status = dead| archive-date = 2008-05-08}}</ref><ref>Ken Rudin, [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=89292254 Superdelegates Primer: What You Need to Know], NPR (April 14, 2008).</ref> 

Not all superdelegates attend the convention.<ref name=DavidsonBernick>Lee Davidson and Bob Bernick Jr., [https://www.deseret.com/2008/7/26/20266067/superdelegate-matheson-to-skip-demo-convention Superdelegate Matheson to skip Demo convention], Deseret News (July 26, 2008).</ref> For example, during his time in Congress, Democratic U.S. Representative [[Jim Matheson]] skipped every convention.<ref name=DavidsonBernick/><ref>[https://www.deseret.com/2004/7/17/19840650/matheson-to-skip-boston-convention Matheson to skip Boston convention], ''Deseret News'' (July 17, 2004).</ref> Former Vice President [[Al Gore]] skipped the 2016 Convention.<ref>Joey Garrison, [https://www.tennessean.com/story/news/politics/2016/07/24/al-gore-skip-democratic-national-convention/87512310/ Al Gore to skip Democratic National Convention], ''Tennessean'' (July 24, 2016).</ref>

====State residency====
Under party rules, automatic delegates shall "legally reside in their respective state and ... shall be recognized as part of their state's delegation" (Rule 9.E).<ref name=2020Rules/> For example, in the [[2008 Democratic National Convention|2008 convention]], former Maine Governor [[Kenneth M. Curtis]] was a superdelegate (by virtue of his position as a past DNC chair), but because he had moved to Florida in 2006, he was counted as part of the Florida delegation, not the Maine delegation.<ref name=Ambinder>Marc Ambinder, [https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2008/03/two-superdelegates-in-maine-may-change-the-math/52143/ Two Superdelegates In Maine May Change The Math], ''The Atlantic'' (March 3, 2008).</ref><ref>Fredreka Schouten, [https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/story?id=4569350&page=1 'Super delegate' tally remains slippery], ''USA Today'' (2008).</ref><ref>[https://www.tampabay.com/archive/2008/03/09/empty-chair-attack-is-having-an-effect/ Empty Chair Attack Is Having an Effect], ''Tampa Bay Times'' (March 9, 2008).</ref>

====Loss of superdelegate status====
Additionally, under party rules, automatic delegates are automatically disqualified if they have "publicly expressed support for the election of, or has endorsed, a presidential candidate of another political party" (Rule 9.E) and no delegate "shall participate or vote in the nominating process for a Democratic presidential candidate who also participates in the nominating processes of any other party for the corresponding elections" (Rule 2.E).<ref name=2020Rules/>  Thus, a person who would otherwise qualify as a superdelegate loses his or her superdelegate status by endorsing another party's presidential candidate. In 2008, Senator [[Joe Lieberman]] of [[Connecticut]] endorsed Republican [[John McCain]], which, according to the chairwoman of the Connecticut Democratic Party, resulted in his disqualification as a superdelegate.<ref>{{cite web| last = Pazniokas| first = Mark | title =Lieberman No Longer a Super Delegate|newspaper=Hartford Courant| date = February 6, 2008| url = http://blogs.courant.com/capitol_watch/2008/02/lieberman-no-lo.html| archive-url = https://archive.today/20080208045825/http://blogs.courant.com/capitol_watch/2008/02/lieberman-no-lo.html| archive-date = February 8, 2008| access-date =February 7, 2008 }}</ref> Lieberman's status had, however, previously been questioned because, although he was a registered Democratic voter and caucused with the Democrats, he won re-election as the candidate of the [[Connecticut for Lieberman]] Party and was listed as an "[[Independent Democrat]]" on the ballot.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://blogs.courant.com/capitol_watch/2008/02/obama-leads-cli.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080210084217/http://blogs.courant.com/capitol_watch/2008/02/obama-leads-cli.html|archive-date=February 10, 2008|title=CAPITOL WATCH: Obama leads Clinton, 6-1, Among CT Superdelegates|newspaper=Hartford Courant|first=Mark|last=Pazniokas|date=February 8, 2008|access-date=February 14, 2016}}</ref> Lieberman did not attend the Democratic Convention; he was instead a speaker at the Republican Convention.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bolton|first1=Alexander|title=Both party conventions snub Lieberman|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/121256-both-party-conventions-snub-lieberman/|access-date=March 27, 2016|date=July 31, 2012}}</ref>

==== Comparison with pledged delegates ====
The remaining 85% of delegates are pledged to a candidate and chosen in primaries and caucuses.<ref>[https://theweek.com/articles/615261/superdelegates-explained Superdelegates, explained], ''The Week'' (April 4, 2016).</ref> Unlike the Republican primary process (in which many states have a "winner-take-all" process, awarding all or most votes to the candidate who wins a plurality of the vote), Democrats follow a proportionality rule.<ref>[https://fairvote.org/press/grand_old_primaries/ Grand Old Primaries], FairVote.org (December 10, 2007).</ref> All candidates who received at least 15% of the vote are awarded delegates in proportion to their share of the vote.<ref name=Prokop>Andrew Prokop, [https://www.vox.com/2020/2/28/21153287/delegates-democratic-primary-2020-math How Democrats' delegate math actually works], ''Vox'' (March 2, 2020).</ref> Most pledged delegates are allotted based on candidates' proportions of the vote at the district level (these generally correspond to [[congressional district]]s, but in some states correspond to [[state senate]] districts or specially designated "delegate districts").<ref name=Prokop/><ref name=DelegateTypes>[https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna22477414 National convention delegate types], NBC News/Associated Press (January 3, 2008).</ref> Additional delegates (the "[[at-large]]" delegates) are awarded to candidates based on statewide results.<ref name=Prokop/><ref name=DelegateTypes/> Finally, there are pledged "party leader and elected official" (PLEO) delegates.<ref name=Prokop/><ref name=DelegateTypes/> These are large city mayors, state legislative leaders, and county party officials who are pledged to a certain candidate; like the statewide at-large delegates, pledged PLEO delegates are allocated proportionally to presidential candidates based on the statewide primary or caucus vote.<ref name=DelegateTypes/> The district, at-large, and PLEO delegates collectively constitute a state or territory's pledged delegation.<ref name=DelegateTypes/> 

Unlike superdelegates, who may support a candidate of their choice,<ref name=UpGrabs>{{cite news| last = Sinderbrand| first = Rebecca | title =Pledged delegates up for grabs, Clinton says|publisher=CNN| date = March 26, 2008| url = https://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/03/26/clinton.delegates/}}</ref> pledged delegates generally must support the candidate to whom they are pledged.<ref name=UpGrabs/> Since 1982, the party rules have stated that: "Delegates elected to the national convention pledged to a presidential candidate shall in all good conscience reflect the sentiments of those who elected them."<ref name=UpGrabs/><ref name=2020Rules/> 

If a candidate who has earned pledged delegates drops out before the national convention, then that candidate's delegates who were elected at the district level are released from their obligation to the dropped-out candidate.<ref name=Montellaro>Zach Montellaro, [https://www.politico.com/news/2020/03/04/bloomberg-buttigieg-klobuchar-dropouts-delegates-121442 Here's what happens to the 2020 dropouts' delegates], ''Politico'' (March 4, 2020).</ref><ref name=Zhouli>Li Zhouli, [https://www.vox.com/2020/3/6/21166863/what-happens-delegates-candidates-drop-out Here's what happens to delegates after their candidates drop out], ''Vox'' (March 6, 2020).</ref> Pledged delegates who are allocated at the district level to a candidate who subsequently drops out of the race become "free agents": they often support the candidate whom the dropped-out candidate endorses, but are not obligated to do so.<ref name=Montellaro/><ref name=Zhouli/> By contrast, statewide pledged delegates are usually proportionally reallocated to candidates still in the race at the time when the states formally elect their delegates: this typically takes place at a statewide convention held after the primary or caucus, but before the national convention in mid-summer.<ref name=Montellaro/><ref name=Zhouli/>

By contrast, many superdelegates choose to announce endorsements, but they are not bound to those preferences, and may support any candidate they wish, including a candidate who has dropped out of the presidential race.<ref>{{Cite news | title = Romney suspends presidential campaign |publisher= CNN| date = February 7, 2008|url=https://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/02/07/romney.campaign/index.htm }}</ref>

===History ===
====Origins====
In the aftermath of the chaotic [[1968 Democratic National Convention]], the Democratic Party sought to shift the balance of power in the selection of the party's presidential candidate to primary elections and caucuses, mandating that all delegates be chosen via mechanisms open to all party members; these rules were implemented following the recommendations of the [[McGovern-Fraser Commission]].<ref name=Roller>Emma Roller, [https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/12/opinion/campaign-stops/the-not-so-super-delegates.html The Not So Super Delegates], ''New York Times'' (April 12, 2016).</ref> This increased [[grassroots]] control of Democratic conventions.<ref name=wpdsbj82>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=L09OAAAAIBAJ&pg=6993%2C5631446 |work=Spokesman-Review |location=(Spokane, Washington) |agency=(Washington Post) |last=Broder |first=David S. |author-link=David S. Broder |title=Major turnaround by the Democratic Party |date=January 15, 1982 |page=8}}</ref> However, after Democratic nominee [[George McGovern]] lost in a landslide to [[Richard Nixon]] in [[1972 United States presidential election|1972]],<ref name=Roller/> and after a decisive fight over the rules at the [[1980 Democratic National Convention|1980 convention]] between supporters of [[Jimmy Carter]] and supporters of [[Edward M. Kennedy]],<ref name="cqweekly">{{Cite news|last=Nather |first=David |title=Leaping Voters In a Single Bound |newspaper=[[Congressional Quarterly|CQ Weekly]] |page=482 |date=February 25, 2008 |url=http://public.cq.com/docs/cqw/weeklyreport110-000002675899.html  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081127130726/http://public.cq.com/docs/cqw/weeklyreport110-000002675899.html |archive-date=November 27, 2008 }}</ref> followed by Carter's defeat by [[Ronald Reagan]] in [[1980 United States presidential election|1980]],<ref name=Roller/> the party changed its nominating rules again.<ref name=Roller/>

A commission headed by [[Governor of North Carolina|North Carolina Governor]] [[Jim Hunt]] issued a report in 1982, on a 47&ndash;6 vote, to set aside 550 unpledged delegate seats held by party officials, to vote alongside the 3,300 Democratic pledged votes.<ref name=wpdsbj82/> This partial reversal of the trend toward grassroots control was supported by mainstream party leaders in Congress, as well as organized labor.<ref name=wpdsbj82/> It increases the power of the institutional party "regulars" against insurgent "outsider" maverick candidates.<ref name=Roller/><ref name="cqweekly"/> Their initial proposal to have superdelegates represent 30% of all delegates to the national convention was defeated in favor of a compromise proposal by [[Geraldine A. Ferraro]], in which superdelegates made up about 14% of delegates.<ref name=wpdsbj82/><ref name="cqweekly"/> The proportion of superdelegates eventually expanded over time, reaching about 20% at the 2008 convention.<ref name="cqweekly"/> 

====1984 and 1988====
In 1984, only state party chairs and vice chairs were guaranteed superdelegate status. The remaining spots were divided two ways. Democratic members of Congress were allowed to select up to 60% of their members to fill some of these spots. The remaining positions were left to the state parties to fill with priority given to governors and big-city mayors, led by Democrats and based on population. In the [[1984 United States presidential election|1984 election]], the major contenders for the presidential nomination were [[Gary Hart]], [[Jesse Jackson]], and [[Walter Mondale]]. Entering the final handful of primaries on June 5, Mondale was leading Hart in the delegate count, with Jackson far behind. The battle for delegates became more dramatic that night when Hart won three primaries, including the big prize of California in a cliffhanger. The Mondale campaign said, and some news reports agreed, that Mondale secured the needed 1,967 delegates to clinch the nomination that night in spite of losing California. But the [[Associated Press]] concluded he was "barely short of the magic majority." Mondale wanted to make it indisputable that he had enough delegate votes, and his campaign set a deadline of one minute before noon; he made 50 calls in three hours to nail down an additional 40 superdelegates and declared at a press conference that he had 2,008 delegate votes. At [[1984 Democratic National Convention|the convention]] in July, Mondale won on the first ballot.<ref name=Berman>{{Cite news | last = Berman | first = Ari | title = Not So Superdelegates | work = [[The Nation]] | date = February 18, 2008 | url = https://www.thenation.com/article/not-so-superdelegates/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1345&dat=19840606&id=aVdOAAAAIBAJ&pg=5968,1105065&hl=en|title=Mondale loses California, but near majority|publisher=[[Associated Press]]|date=June 6, 1984|access-date=August 7, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1301&dat=19840608&id=I31WAAAAIBAJ&pg=6138,3741353&hl=en|title=Mondale claims win; Hart fights on|newspaper=[[The Miami Herald]]|date=June 7, 1984|access-date=August 7, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1984/06/07/democrats-rally-to-bid-by-mondale/992c7f80-ce95-4bb4-84ae-3d857a88b423/|title=Democrats rally to bid by Mondale|newspaper=[[The Miami Herald]]|date=June 7, 1984|access-date=August 7, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1984/06/07/calls-yield-delegates-to-mondale/bb6112f3-9748-4c2e-ae52-b04e515b9918/|title=Calls yield delegates to Mondale|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=June 7, 1984|access-date=August 7, 2016}}</ref>

In 1988, this process was simplified. Democrats in Congress were now allowed to select up to 80% of their members. All Democratic National Committee members and all Democratic governors were given superdelegate status. This year also saw the addition of the ''distinguished party leader'' category (although former DNC chairs were not added to this category until 1996, and former House and Senate minority leaders were not added until 2000). In 1992 was the addition of a category of unpledged "add-ons", a fixed number of spots allocated to the states, intended for other party leaders and elected officials not already covered by the previous categories. Finally, beginning in 1996, all Democratic members of Congress were given superdelegate status.<ref name="TerryMichael">Terry Michael, {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20080528190503/http://terrymichael.net/PDF%20Files/DNC_PrezNomProcess.pdf The Democratic Party's Presidential Nominating Process]}}. March 2004 (pages 14-15)</ref> The superdelegates have not always prevailed, however. [[Howard Dean]] took an early lead in delegate counts before the first primaries in the [[2004 Democratic Party presidential primaries|2004 Democratic presidential primaries]],<ref>{{cite web| last1 = Lynch| first1 = Dotty |first2=Beth |last2=Lester | title = Dean Leads 'Superdelegate' Count | publisher = [[CBS News]]| date = January 17, 2004| url = https://www.cbsnews.com/news/dean-leads-superdelegate-count/ | access-date =May 18, 2008}}</ref> but was later defeated by [[John Kerry]], who won a succession of primaries and caucuses and, ultimately, the nomination. In 1988, a study found that delegates selected through the primary and caucus process were not substantively different from superdelegates in terms of issue viewpoints. However, superdelegates are more likely to prefer candidates with Washington experience than outsider candidates.<ref>Richard Herrerra, "Are 'Superdelegates' Super?" ''Political Behavior,'' vol. 16, no. 1. (March 1994), pp. 79-92.</ref>

====2008 election====
At the [[2008 Democratic National Convention]], the superdelegates made up approximately one-fifth of the total number of delegates. The closeness of the race between the leading contenders, [[Hillary Clinton]] and [[Barack Obama]], led to speculation that the superdelegates would play a decisive role in selecting the nominee, a prospect that caused unease among some Democratic Party leaders.<ref>{{cite news |title=Neck and Neck, Democrats Woo Superdelegates |work=The New York Times |first=Adam |last=Nagourney |author2=Hulse, Carl  |date=February 10, 2008 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/10/us/politics/10superdelegates.html?scp=2&sq=superdelegates&st=nyt }}</ref> Obama led in pledged delegates at the end of voting in the state contests while not winning enough to secure the nomination without the superdelegates.<ref>{{Cite news| last = Seelye| first = Katharine Q.| title = For Clinton, a Key Group Didn't Hold| newspaper = [[The New York Times]]| date = June 5, 2008| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/05/us/politics/05superdelegates.html?emc=eta1}}</ref> In May 2008, however, Obama took the lead in superdelegate endorsements for the first time;<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna24556427|title=Obama takes lead in superdelegates, AP reports|publisher=NBC News|date=May 10, 2008}}</ref> Clinton dropped out four days after Obama clinched the nomination.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/06/07/us/elections/clinton-sanders-delegate-fight.html|title=If You Think the Democratic Primary Race Is Close, the 2008 One Was Even Tighter|newspaper=New York Times|date=June 8, 2016|author=Alicia Parlapiano |author2=Karen Yourish }}</ref>

Pledged delegates from state caucuses and primaries eventually numbered 3,573, casting 3,566 votes, resulting in a total number of delegate votes of 4,419. A candidate needed a majority of that total, or 2,209, to win the nomination. Superdelegates accounted for 19.6% of convention delegates, while delegates chosen in the Democratic caucuses and primaries accounted for approximately four-fifths (80.4%) of the Democratic convention delegates.<ref name="NYT">{{Cite news | title = The Primary Season: 2008 Democratic Calendar | newspaper = [[The New York Times]] | date = January 7, 2007 | url = http://politics.nytimes.com/election-guide/2008/primaries/democraticprimaries/index.html }}</ref><ref name="cnnscorecard">{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008/primaries/results/scorecard/ |title=Election Center 2008: Delegate Scorecard |work=CNN }}</ref> At the convention, Obama won 3,188.5 delegate votes and Clinton won 1,010.5 with 1 abstention and 218 delegates not voting.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.demconvention.com/roll-call-results/ |title=2008 Democratic National Convention Roll Call Results |date=August 2, 2008 |access-date=August 2, 2008 |publisher=Democratic National Convention Committee|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080903201153/http://www.demconvention.com/roll-call-results/ |archive-date = September 3, 2008}}</ref>

====2016 election====
In 2016, a campaign for superdelegates was a feature of the campaign between former Secretary of State [[Hillary Rodham Clinton]] and U.S. Senator [[Bernie Sanders]] for the Democratic nomination; Sanders' campaigns and his supporters initially criticized the role of superdelegates, the majority of whom favored Clinton.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Strauss|first1=Daniel|title=Sanders supporters revolt against superdelegates|url=http://www.politico.com/story/2016/02/bernie-sanders-superdelegates-democrats-219286|website=Politico|access-date=March 9, 2016}}</ref><ref name=Rieger>JM Rieger, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/02/20/bernie-sanders-pushed-contested-convention-2016-now-he-wants-avoid-one/ Bernie Sanders pushed for a contested convention in 2016. Now he wants to avoid one.],  ''Washington Post''(March 1, 2020).</ref><ref>Domenico Montanaro, [https://www.npr.org/2015/11/13/455812702/clinton-has-45-to-1-superdelegate-advantage-over-sanders Clinton Has 45-To-1 'Superdelegate' Advantage Over Sanders], NPR (November 13, 2015).</ref> Several mainstream media outlets included superdelegates in the candidate delegate totals during the primary elections although superdelegates do not vote until the convention and may change their minds on whom they are planning to vote for anytime before the convention. The DNC asked media outlets to not include superdelegate pledges in delegate totals,<ref>{{cite news| last = Abramson | first = Seth | title = The National Media Has Been Instructed By the DNC Not to Count superdelegates, So Why Have They Refused? | newspaper = Huffington Post | date = March 2, 2016 | url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/seth-abramson/the-national-media-has-be_b_9364170.html }}</ref> but many outlets, including the Associated Press, NBC, CBS, and Politico, continued to report total pledged delegates, lumping together superdelegates and pledged delegates. Sanders supporters objected to this practice, argued that it inflated Clinton's lead and discouraged Sanders supporters.<ref>{{cite news| last = Abramson| first = Seth| title = Clinton Delegate Lead Down to 194, Even as Dramatic Miscounting of Delegates by Media Continues| newspaper = Huffington Post | date = Apr 18, 2016 | url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/seth-abramson/clintons-delegate-lead-do_b_9711160.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| last = Ryan | first = Shane | title = The AP Announcing Clinton's "Victory" Was an Embarrassment to Journalism and U.S. Politics | magazine = Paste Magazine  | date = June 7, 2016| url=https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2016/06/the-ap-announcing-clintons-victory-was-an-embarras.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last = Phillips | first = Amber | title = How Maine Democrats just voted to abolish superdelegates | newspaper = Washington Post | date = May 9, 2016 | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/04/14/one-bernie-sanders-supporter-thinks-she-has-a-way-to-fix-the-superdelegate-process/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last = Ryan  | first = Shane | title = After Sanders' Big Win in New Hampshire, Establishment Figures Want to Scare You with Superdelegates. Here's Why It's Bullshit | magazine = Paste Magazine | date = February 10, 2016  | url=https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2016/02/after-sanders-big-win-in-new-hampshire-establishme.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last = Atkins | first = David  | title = End the Superdelegates. End the Caucuses. For Democracy's Sake. | magazine = Washington Monthly | date = February 27, 2016 | url=http://washingtonmonthly.com/2016/02/27/end-the-superdelegates-end-the-caucuses-for-democracys-sake/ }}</ref>
 
Sanders initially said that the candidate with the majority of pledged delegates should be the nominee; in May 2016, after falling behind in the elected delegate count, he shifted, pushed for a contested convention and arguing that, "The responsibility that superdelegates have is to decide what is best for this country and what is best for the Democratic Party."<ref name=Rieger/><ref name=Yen>Hope Yen, [https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-hillary-clinton-politics-election-2020-super-tuesday-a5f8f2335cf1b617dbb6626845b1c4a8 AP FACT CHECK: Sanders' shift on delegates needed to win], Associated Press (March 1, 2020).</ref> Ultimately, Clinton won the nomination without relying on the votes of superdelegates; she led Sanders by a substantial number of elected delegates (from primary and caucus votes), as well by a substantial margin in the popular vote.<ref name=Yen/><ref>Nate Cohn, [https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/07/upshot/how-hillary-clinton-reached-the-magic-number.html Pledges Pushed Hillary Clinton Over the Magic Number], ''New York Times'' (June 6, 2016).</ref> She became the [[presumptive nominee]] in early June 2016, after the [[2016 California Democratic presidential primary|California primary]]; at the time, Clinton had 1812 pledged delegates and 572 superdelegates, and Sanders had 1520 pledged delegates and 46 superdelegates.<ref>Carrie Dann, [https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2016-election/clinton-hits-magic-number-delegates-clinch-nomination-n586181 Clinton Hits 'Magic Number' of Delegates to Clinch Nomination], NBC News (June 6, 2016).</ref> Sanders continued to campaign after the last Democratic primary, unsuccessfully seeking to persuade superdelegates to switch their allegiance to him;<ref name=Rieger/><ref>Amita Kelly, [https://www.npr.org/2016/05/19/478705022/sanders-campaign-now-says-superdelegates-are-key-to-winning-nomination Sanders Campaign Now Embraces Superdelegates As Key To Nomination], NPR (May 19, 2016).</ref> ultimately, he conceded the race and endorsed Clinton on July 12, 2016.<ref name=Rieger/>

====Reform of superdelegates====
=====DNC Unity Reform Commission (2016&ndash;17)=====
On July 23, 2016, ahead of the [[2016 Democratic National Convention]], the 2016 DNC Rules Committee voted overwhelmingly (158–6) to adopt a superdelegate reform package. The new rules were the result of a compromise between the [[Hillary Clinton]] and the [[Bernie Sanders]] presidential campaigns; in the past, Sanders had pressed for the complete elimination of superdelegates.<ref name="Weigel">{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2016/07/23/democrats-vote-to-bind-most-superdelegates-to-state-primary-results/|title=Democrats vote to bind most superdelegates to state primary results|newspaper=The Washington Post|last=Weigel|first=David|date=July 23, 2016|access-date=August 7, 2016}}</ref>

Under the reform package, a 21-member unity commission, chaired by Clinton supporter [[Jennifer O'Malley Dillon]] and vice-chaired by Sanders supporter [[Larry Cohen (union leader)|Larry Cohen]], was appointed after the [[2016 United States presidential election|2016 general election]]. The commission's recommendations would be voted on at the next Democratic National Committee meeting, well before the beginning of the 2020 Democratic primaries.<ref name="Weigel"/> The commission was to consider "a mix of Clinton and Sanders ideas": expanding the ability of eligible voters to participate in caucuses (an idea supported by Clinton) and expanding the ability of unaffiliated or new voters to join the Democratic Party and vote in Democratic primaries via [[Same-day voter registration|same-day registration and re-registration]] (an idea supported by Sanders).<ref name="Weigel"/> The commission drew comparisons to the [[McGovern–Fraser Commission]], which established party primary reforms before the [[1972 Democratic National Convention]].<ref name="Weigel"/>

By April 2017, the complete commission had been appointed. In accordance with the compromise agreement, the 21 members include, in addition to O'Malley Dillon and Cohen; nine members selected by Clinton, seven selected by Sanders, and three selected by the DNC chair ([[Tom Perez]]).<ref>Daniel Marans, [https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/dnc-unity-reform-commission_us_58f50d1fe4b0b9e9848d92eb DNC Announces Members Of Unity Reform Commission], ''Huffington Post'' (April 17, 2017).</ref> By May 2017, the DNC Unity Reform Commission had begun to meet to begin drafting reforms, including superdelegate reform as well as primary calendar and caucus reform.<ref>Alex Roarty, [http://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/nation-world/national/article149164704.html Beyond Trump, Democrats are bitterly divided], McClatchy DC (May 7, 2017).</ref>

The commission met in the summer and fall of 2017.<ref name="Debenedetti">Gabriel Debenedetti, [https://www.politico.com/story/2017/11/15/tim-kaine-end-superdelegates-244944 Kaine calls for eliminating superdelegates: Hillary Clinton's VP sides with Bernie Sanders in a fight that's divided Democrats], ''Politico'' (November 15, 2017).</ref> Different proposals on superdelegates were considered by the party. One proposal was to bind all or some superdelegates to the results of state primaries and caucuses.<ref name="Weigel"/><ref name="Debenedetti"/> Whether to abolish superdelegates altogether remained controversial within the party.<ref name="Debenedetti"/> In December 2017, the Unity Commission's recommendations <ref>O'Malley Dillon, Jen, and Cohen, Larry. [https://democrats.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/URC_Report_FINAL.pdf "Report of the Unity Reform Commission"], Dec. 8-9, 2017.</ref> were delivered to the DNC Rules and Bylaws Committee.<ref>David Weigel & Ed O'Keefe, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/powerpost/wp/2017/10/19/dnc-reshuffle-has-some-worrying-about-a-purge/ DNC reshuffle has some worrying about a 'purge'], ''Washington Post'' (October 19, 2017).</ref> Perez and Deputy DNC Chair [[Keith Ellison]] co-authored an [[op-ed]] for CNN, announcing that the party would make a "significant" cut in the number of superdelegates who vote to decide on the presidential nominee.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/363829-dnc-chair-vice-chair-endorse-superdelegate-reform/ |title=DNC leaders call for 'significant' cut in Dem superdelegates |last=Bowden |first=John |date=December 7, 2017 |website=The Hill |access-date=December 13, 2017}}</ref> 

=====''Adoption of superdelegate reform (2018)''=====
Ultimately, the DNC decided to prevent superdelegates from voting on the first ballot, instead of reducing their numbers.<ref name=Herndon>{{cite news |last=Herndon |first=Astead W. |date=August 25, 2018 |title=Democrats Overhaul Controversial Superdelegate System |newspaper=New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/25/us/politics/superdelegates-democrats-dnc.html |access-date=August 26, 2018 }}</ref> On August 25, 2018, the DNC approved a plan to reduce the influence of superdelegates by barring them from voting on the first ballot at the Democratic National Convention, allowing them to vote only in a [[Brokered convention|contested convention]] (''i.e.'', if a Democratic National Convention did not choose the nominee on the first ballot, because no candidate received an absolute majority [more than 50%] of the pledged delegates elected from the outcome of primaries and caucuses).<ref name=Herndon/><ref name="GPdelegates">{{cite web |title=The Green Papers |url=https://www.thegreenpapers.com/P20/D |access-date=March 6, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306235014/https://www.thegreenpapers.com/P20/D |archive-date=March 6, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ConventionVotes">{{cite web|url=https://frontloading.blogspot.com/2019/05/magic-number-determining-winning-number.html|title=Magic Number? Determining the Winning Number of Democratic Delegates Will Be Tougher in 2020|publisher=Frontloading HQ|date=May 15, 2019|access-date=May 22, 2019}}</ref> This does not preclude superdelegates from publicly endorsing a candidate of their choosing before the convention.<ref name="GPdelegates"/>

The plan, which was endorsed by DNC chair [[Tom Perez]], former DNC chair [[Howard Dean]], and other party leaders, passed by an overwhelming margin; the ''New York Times'' noted that the compromise was a "rare [[mind meld]]  between the Democratic establishment and progressive activists who have often chided the party's elite."<ref name=Herndon/> The only dissenter on the DNC Rules Committee was former DNC chairman [[Donald L. Fowler]], who argued that the existing system worked.<ref>David Weigel, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/powerpost/wp/2018/06/27/democrats-vote-to-limit-voting-power-of-superdelegates/ Democrats vote to limit voting power of 'superdelegates'], ''Washington Post'' (June 27, 2018).</ref>

====2020 election====
The first Democratic presidential primaries cycle under the new 2016–2018 superdelegate reform measures took place in 2020.<ref name="GPdelegates">{{cite web |title=The Green Papers |url=https://www.thegreenpapers.com/P20/D |access-date=March 6, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306235014/https://www.thegreenpapers.com/P20/D |archive-date=March 6, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ConventionVotes">{{cite web|url=https://frontloading.blogspot.com/2019/05/magic-number-determining-winning-number.html|title=Magic Number? Determining the Winning Number of Democratic Delegates Will Be Tougher in 2020|publisher=Frontloading HQ|date=May 15, 2019|access-date=May 22, 2019}}</ref>

====2024 election====
The Democratic National Committee held a virtual nomination vote in the first week of August 2024 to select its nominee for president.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Weissert |first1=Will |title=Democrats poised to virtually nominate Harris — and her running mate — by Aug. 7 |url=https://apnews.com/article/harris-democratic-convention-nominee-virtual-voting-78991bcc443e06c000d1d800e0d94cc5 |publisher=Associated Press |access-date=30 September 2024 |date=24 July 2024}}</ref> The virtual nomination rules allowed superdelegates to vote for a presidential candidate during the first ballot of the virtual roll call even though no candidate secured an overwhelming majority of pledged delegates earned during the primaries.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Navarro |first1=Aaron |title=The DNC's virtual roll call to nominate Kamala Harris started Aug. 1. Here's how the vote works. |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/dnc-virtual-roll-call-2024-how-it-works/ |publisher=CBS News |access-date=30 September 2024 |date=2 August 2024}}</ref>

=== Criticism and defenses===
The votes of superdelegates have never actually determined the Democratic nominee,<ref>Zachary Roth, [https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2016-election/superdelegates-don-t-determine-democratic-nominee-n587386 Superdelegates Don't Determine the Democratic Nominee], NBC News (June 6, 2016): "Superdelegates have never determined the nominee, and they're unlikely ever to do so."</ref><ref>Astead W. Herndon, [https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/25/us/politics/superdelegates-democrats-dnc.html Democrats Overhaul Controversial Superdelegate System], ''New York Times'' (August 25, 2018): "superdelegates have never before overturned the will of Democratic voters in the presidential primary"</ref> although in 1984 they may have helped Walter Mondale win on the first ballot at the convention.{{efn|The [[1984 Democratic Party presidential primaries]] ended with [[Walter Mondale]] winning a plurality of delegates, leading the Senator [[Gary Hart]] in the count of elected delegates, with [[Jesse Jackson]] far behind. It was unclear whether Mondale had secured the absolute majority of 1,967 delegates to clinch the nomination, despite Hart's victory in California. Some press reports suggested that Mondale had clinched the nomination, but the [[Associated Press]] reported that he was "barely short of" a majority. Mondale made dozens of phone calls to superdelegates, securing the pledges of 40 of them, thus placing his status as the [[presumptive nominee]] beyond doubt. Experts differ on whether superdelegates were "decisive" to Mondale's nomination on the first ballot at the [[1984 Democratic National Convention]].<ref>Amy Sherman, [https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2016/mar/22/debbie-wasserman-schultz/debbie-wasserman-schultz-says-superdelegates-never Superdelegates "have never been a determining factor in who our nominee is since they've been in place since 1984."], ''Politifact'' (March 22, 2016).</ref>}}
 
====Critics====
Critics have assailed superdelegates' role in Democratic National Conventions both before and after the 2017 reforms. [[Susan Estrich]] argued in 2008 that superdelegates have more power than other delegates because of their greater freedom to vote as they wish beginning with the first ballot. (Superdelegates' ability to vote on the first ballot was eliminated after the 2017 reform.)<ref name="Karmack">{{Cite news| last = Karmack| first = Elaine| title = A History of 'Super-Delegates' in the Democratic Party|publisher=[[Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs]], [[John F. Kennedy School of Government]]| date = February 14, 2008| url = https://www.belfercenter.org/publication/history-super-delegates-democratic-party}}</ref> U.S. Senator [[Tim Kaine]], Hillary Clinton's former running mate, said in 2017 that he agreed with [[Bernie Sanders]] that  superdelegates should be eliminated from the process: "I have long believed there should be no superdelegates. These positions are given undue influence in the popular nominating contest and make the process less democratic."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/360587-tim-kaine-sides-with-sanders-calls-for-eliminating-superdelegates/|title=Kaine sides with Sanders, calls for eliminating superdelegates |last=Delk |first=Josh |date=November 15, 2017 |website=The Hill}}</ref> Prominent Democratic strategists [[Bob Shrum]] and Bill Carrick have also opposed superdelegates, and called for them to be dropped from the nominating process.<ref name=Roller/>

The role of superdelegates in the nominating process has also been criticized as unrepresentative. In 2007, ''[[Politico]]'' found that about half of the superdelegates were white men, compared to 28% of the Democratic primary electorate.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2008/02/white-men-hold-superdelegate-power-balance-008535 |title=White men hold superdelegate power balance|first=Josephine |last=Hearn |work=Politico |date=February 15, 2008 |access-date=August 22, 2009}}</ref> Of the superdelegates at the 2016 Convention, 58% were male and 62% were non-Hispanic white (20% were black and 11% were [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic]]). The average age was about 60.<ref name="WhoAre"/> There is no bar on [[Lobbying in the United States|lobbyists]] serving as DNC members (and thus superdelegates); ABC News found that about 9% of superdelegates at the 2016 Democratic National Convention (67 people in all) were former or current lobbyists registered on the federal and state level.<ref>Jeff Naft, [https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/reason-dozens-lobbyists-democratic-presidential-delegates/story?id=37289507 The Reason Why Dozens of Lobbyists Will Be Democratic Presidential Delegates], ABC News (February 29, 2016).</ref>

====Defenders====
Author [[Jonathan Rauch]] and political scientist Ray La Raja argued in 2019 that the U.S. has given too much power to primary voters, and that this inflicts harms to democracy. They argue that "the role of superdelegates in the Democratic nomination process could be strengthened instead of weakened" and that this form of early vetting was positive, suggesting that this formal form of the "[[invisible primary]]" can be a positive force to counter-balance [[populism]] "by restoring the [[James Madison|Madisonian]] pillars of pluralism, checks on power, and deliberative institutions."<ref>Jonathan Rauch and Ray La Raja, [https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2019/12/too-much-democracy-is-bad-for-democracy/600766/ Too Much Democracy Is Bad for Democracy], ''The Atlantic'' (December 2019).</ref>

In February 2016, U.S. Representative [[Debbie Wasserman Schultz]], chair of the [[Democratic National Committee]], defended the role of superdelegates in an interview with [[Jake Tapper]], arguing that unpledged delegates ensure "that party leaders and elected officials don't have to be in a position where they are running against grass-roots activists" and minimizes competition between the two groups.<ref>Callum Borchers, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/02/12/we-need-more-questions-like-this-one-from-jake-tapper-to-debbie-wasserman-schultz-video/ "We need more questions like this one from Jake Tapper to Debbie Wasserman Schultz"], ''The Washington Post'' (February 12, 2016).</ref>