Editing Surgery (section)

== Definitions ==
[[File:Leikkaus Punaisen ristin sairaalassa Tampereella (26875894332).jpg|thumb|Surgery underway at the [[Red Cross]] Hospital in [[Tampere]], [[Finland]] during the 1918 [[Finnish Civil War]].]]
As a general rule, a procedure is considered surgical when it involves cutting of a person's tissues or closure of a previously sustained wound. Other procedures that do not necessarily fall under this rubric, such as [[angioplasty]] or [[endoscopy]], may be considered surgery if they involve "common" surgical procedure or settings, such as use of [[antiseptic]] measures and sterile fields, [[sedation]]/[[anesthesia]], proactive [[hemostasis]], typical [[surgical instrument]]s, [[suturing]] or [[surgical staple|stapling]].  All forms of surgery are considered invasive procedures; the so-called "noninvasive surgery" ought to be more appropriately called [[minimally invasive procedure]]s, which usually refers to a procedure that utilizes natural orifices (e.g. most [[urological]] procedures) or does not penetrate the structure being excised (e.g. endoscopic [[polypectomy|polyp excision]], [[rubber band ligation]], [[LASIK|laser eye surgery]]), are [[percutaneous]] (e.g. [[arthroscopy]], [[catheter ablation]], [[angioplasty]] and [[valvuloplasty]]), or to a [[radiotherapy|radiosurgical]] procedure (e.g. irradiation of a tumor).{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}

===Types of surgery===
Surgical procedures are commonly categorized by urgency, type of procedure, body system involved, the degree of invasiveness, and special instrumentation.
* Based on timing:{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}
** [[Elective surgery]] is done to correct a non-life-threatening condition, and is carried out at the person's convenience, or to the surgeon's and the surgical facility's availability.
** [[Semi-elective surgery]] is one that is better done early to avoid complications or potential deterioration of the patient's condition, but such risk are sufficiently low that the procedure can be postponed for a short period time.
** [[Emergency surgery]] is surgery which must be done without any delay to prevent death or serious disabilities or loss of limbs and functions.
* Based on purpose:{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}
** [[Exploratory surgery]] is performed to establish or aid a [[diagnosis]].
** Therapeutic surgery is performed to treat a previously diagnosed condition.
*** Curative surgery is a therapeutic procedure done to permanently remove a pathology.
** [[Plastic surgery]] is done to improve a body part's function or appearance. 
*** [[Reconstructive plastic surgery]] is done to improve the function or subjective appearance of a damaged or malformed body part.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reconstructive Procedures |url=https://www.plasticsurgery.org/reconstructive-procedures |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=American Society of Plastic Surgeons |language=en}}</ref>
*** [[Cosmetic surgery]] is done to subjectively improve the appearance of an otherwise normal body part.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cosmetic Procedures |url=https://www.plasticsurgery.org/cosmetic-procedures |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=American Society of Plastic Surgeons |language=en}}</ref>
** [[Bariatric surgery]] is done to assist [[weight loss]] when dietary and pharmaceutical methods alone have failed.
** Non-survival surgery, or terminal surgery, is where [[Euthanasia]] is performed while the subject is under [[Anesthesia]] so that the subject will not regain conscious pain perception.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2005 |title=UCLA Non-survival Surgical Procedures |url=https://rsawa.research.ucla.edu/arc/non-survival-surgery-procedures/ |website=UCLA Research Policy & Compliance}}</ref> This type of surgery is usually done in [[Animal testing]] experiments.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2008 |title=IACUC Policy on Surgery |url=https://www.research.uky.edu/uploads/iacuc-doc-102}}</ref>
{{anchor|Resection}}
* By type of procedure:
** '''[[Amputation]]''' involves removing an entire [[wikt:body part|body part]], usually a [[limb (anatomy)|limb]] or [[digit (anatomy)|digit]]; [[castration]] is the amputation of [[testes]]; [[circumcision]] is the removal of [[Foreskin|prepuce]] from the [[Human penis|penis]] or [[clitoral hood]] from the [[clitoris]] (see [[female circumcision]]). '''[[Replantation]]''' involves reattaching a severed body part.
** '''Resection''' is the removal of all or part of an [[internal organ]] and/or [[connective tissue]]. A [[segmental resection]] specifically removes an independent vascular region of an organ such as a [[lobes of liver|hepatic segment]], a [[bronchopulmonary segment]] or a [[renal lobe]].<ref name="NCI">{{cite web |title=segmental resection |url=https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/segmental-resection |website=National Cancer Institute Dictionary of Cancer Terms |access-date=31 July 2020 |language=en }}</ref> '''Excision''' is the resection of only part of an organ, tissue or other body part (e.g. [[skin]]) without discriminating specific vascular territories. '''Exenteration''' is the complete removal of all organs and [[soft tissue]] content (especially [[lymphoid tissue]]s) within a [[body cavity]].
** '''[[Surgical extirpation|Extirpation]]''' is the complete excision or surgical destruction of a body part.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/extirpation|title=extirpation|website=[[Merriam-Webster]] dictionary|access-date=2020-02-20}}</ref>
** '''[[Ablation]]''' is destruction of tissue through the use of energy-transmitting devices such as [[electrocautery]]/[[fulguration]], [[laser ablation|laser]], [[focused ultrasound]] or [[cryoablation|freezing]].
** '''Repair''' involves the direct closure or restoration of an injured, mutilated or deformed organ or body part, usually by [[suturing]] or [[internal fixation]]. '''[[Reconstructive surgery|Reconstruction]]''' is an extensive repair of a complex body part (such as [[joint]]s), often with some degrees of structural/functional replacement and commonly involves grafting and/or use of implants.
** '''[[Graft (surgery)|Grafting]]''' is the relocation and establishment of a tissue from one part of the body to another. A [[flap (surgery)|flap]] is the relocation of a tissue without complete separation of its original attachment, and a [[free flap]] is a completely detached flap that carries an intact neurovascular structure ready for grafting onto a new location.
** '''[[Bypass surgery|Bypass]]''' involves the relocation/grafting of a tubular structure onto another in order to reroute the content flow of that target structure from a specific segment directly to a more distal ("downstream") segment.
** '''[[Implant (medicine)|Implant]]ation''' is insertion of artificial [[medical device]]s to replace or augment existing tissue.
** '''[[Organ transplantation|Transplant]]ation''' is the replacement of an organ or body part by insertion of another from a different human (or animal) into the person undergoing surgery. '''[[Organ procurement|Harvesting]]''' is the resection of an organ or body part from a live human or animal (known as the ''[[organ donation|donor]]'') for transplantation into another patient (known as the ''recipient'').
* By [[organ system]]: Surgical specialties are traditionally and academically categorized by the organ, organ system or body region involved. Examples include:
** [[Cardiac surgery]] — the [[heart]] and [[mediastinal]] [[great vessels]];
** [[Thoracic surgery]] — the [[thoracic cavity]] including the [[lung]]s;
** [[Gastrointestinal surgery]] — the [[digestive tract]] and its accessory organs;
** [[Vascular surgery]] — the extra-mediastinal great vessels and peripheral [[circulatory system]];
** [[Urological surgery]] — the [[genitourinary system]];
** [[ENT surgery]] — [[ear]], [[nose]] and [[throat]], also known as [[head and neck surgery]] when including the [[neck]] region;
** [[Oral and maxillofacial surgery]] — the [[oral cavity]], jaws, and face;
** [[Neurosurgery]] — the [[central nervous system]], and;
** [[Orthopedic surgery]] — the [[musculoskeletal system]].
* By degree of invasiveness of surgical procedures:
** Conventional [[open surgery]] (such as a [[laparotomy]]) requires a large incision to access the area of interest, and directly exposes the internal body cavity to the outside.
** [[Minimally-invasive procedures|Minimally-invasive surgery]] involves much smaller surface incisions or even natural orifices ([[nostril]], [[mouth]], [[anus]] or [[urethra]]) to insert miniaturized instruments within a body cavity or structure, as in [[laparoscopic surgery]] or [[angioplasty]].
** Hybrid surgery uses a combination of open and minimally-invasive techniques, and may include hand ports or larger incisions to assist with performance of elements of the procedure.
* By equipment used:
** [[Laser surgery]] involves use of [[laser ablation]] to divide tissue instead of a [[scalpel]], [[scissors]] or similar sharp-edged instruments.
** [[Cryosurgery]] uses low-temperature [[cryoablation]] to freeze and destroy a target tissue.
** [[Electrosurgery]] involves use of [[electrocautery]] to cut and coagulate tissue.
** [[Microsurgery]] involves the use of an operating [[microscope]] for the surgeon to see and manipulate small structures.
** [[Endoscopic surgery]] uses [[optical instrument]]s to relay the image from inside an enclosed body cavity to the outside, and the surgeon performs the procedure using specialized handheld instruments inserted through [[trocar]]s placed through the body wall. Most modern endoscopic procedures are ''video-assisted'', meaning the images are viewed on a [[electronic visual display|display screen]] rather than through the [[eyepiece]] on the endoscope.
** [[Robotic surgery]] makes use of [[robotics]] such as the [[Da Vinci Surgical System|Da Vinci]] or the [[ZEUS robotic surgical system]]s, to [[remote control|remotely control]] endoscopic or minimally-invasive instruments.

===Terminology===
{{main|List of surgical procedures}}
* Resection and excisional procedures start with a [[prefix]] for the target organ to be excised (cut out) and end in the [[suffix]] '''-ectomy'''.  For example, removal of part of the stomach would be called a subtotal gastrectomy.
* Procedures involving cutting into an organ or tissue end in '''-otomy'''.  A surgical procedure cutting through the [[abdominal]] wall to gain access to the [[abdominal cavity]] is a [[laparotomy]].
* [[Minimally invasive surgery#Minimally invasive procedure|Minimally invasive procedures]], involving small incisions through which an endoscope is inserted, end in -'''oscopy'''. For example, such surgery in the abdominal cavity is called [[laparoscopy]].
* Procedures for formation of a permanent or semi-permanent opening called a [[Stoma (medicine)|stoma]] in the body end in '''-ostomy''', such as creation of a colostomy, a connection of colon and the abdominal wall.  This prefix is also used for connection between two viscera, such as how an esophagojejunostomy refers to a connection created between the esophagus and the jejunum.
* Plastic and reconstruction procedures start with the name for the body part to be reconstructed and end in '''-plasty'''.  For example, ''rhino-'' is a prefix meaning "nose", therefore a ''[[rhinoplasty]]'' is a reconstructive or cosmetic surgery for the nose. A pyloroplasty refers to a type of reconstruction of the gastric pylorus.
* Procedures that involve cutting the muscular layers of an organ end in '''-myotomy'''.  A pyloromyotomy refers to cutting the muscular layers of the gastric pylorus.
* Repair of a damaged or abnormal structure ends in '''-orraphy'''.  This includes herniorrhaphy, another name for a hernia repair.
* Reoperation, revision, or "redo" procedures refer to a planned or unplanned return to the operating theater after a surgery is performed to re-address an aspect of patient care. Unplanned reasons for reoperation include postoperative [[complication (medicine)|complication]]s such as [[bleeding]] or hematoma formation, development of a [[seroma]] or [[abscess]], anastomotic leak, tissue [[necrosis]] requiring [[debridement]] or excision, or in the case of malignancy, close or involved [[resection margin]]s that may require re-excision to avoid local recurrence. Reoperation can be performed in the acute phase, or it can be also performed months to years later if the surgery failed to solve the indicated problem.  Reoperation can also be planned as a staged operation where components of the procedure are performed or reversed under separate anesthesia.