Editing Swarthmore College (section)

==History==
[[File:Parrish Hall.jpg|thumb|Parrish Hall, named in honor of the first president, [[Edward Parrish]] (1822–1872), contains the admissions, housing and financial aid offices, along with student housing on the upper floors]]
[[File:Alice Paul and David Kemp at night 08.jpg|thumb|Alice Paul and David Kemp, two of the newer buildings, won the [[American Institute of Architects]] Housing Awards in 2010.<ref>{{cite news |title=AIA Housing Awards 2010 |url=http://www.architectureweek.com/2010/0512/news_1-2.html |access-date=January 25, 2020 |work=[[ArchitectureWeek]] |date=December 5, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125040710/http://www.architectureweek.com/2010/0512/news_1-2.html |archive-date=January 25, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
The name "Swarthmore" has its roots in early [[Quakers|Quaker]] history. In England, [[Swarthmoor Hall]] near the town of [[Ulverston, England|Ulverston]], Cumbria, (previously in [[Lancashire]]), was the home of Thomas and [[Margaret Fell]] in 1652 when [[George Fox]], fresh from his epiphany atop [[Pendle Hill]] in 1651, came to visit. The visitation turned into a long association, as Fox persuaded the couple of his views. Swarthmore was used for the first meetings of what became known as the Religious Society of Friends (later colloquially labeled "The Quakers").

The college was founded in 1864 by [[Deborah Fisher Wharton]], along with her [[industrialist]] son, [[Joseph Wharton]], together with a committee of members of the [[Quakers#Hicksite–Orthodox split|Hicksite]] [[Yearly Meetings]] of [[Philadelphia]], [[New York City|New York]] and [[Baltimore]]. It is the only college founded by the Hicksite branch of the Society of Friends: previous Quaker institutions, like nearby [[Haverford College]], were Orthodox in their founding history. Swarthmore held its first classes in 1869<ref name="briefhist"/> and [[Edward Parrish]] (1822–1872) was the first president. [[Lucretia Mott]] (1793–1880) and [[Martha Ellicott Tyson]] (1795–1873)<ref name="msa2">{{cite web|url=http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/educ/exhibits/womenshall/html/tyson.html|title=Maryland Women's Hall of Fame: Martha Ellicott Tyson|publisher=Maryland State Archives|access-date=March 7, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707035753/http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/educ/exhibits/womenshall/html/tyson.html|archive-date=July 7, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/literary-cultural-heritage-map-pa/bios/Wharton__Joseph|title=Joseph Wharton|publisher=Pennsylvania Center for the Book|access-date=August 25, 2021|archive-date=August 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825154005/https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/literary-cultural-heritage-map-pa/bios/Wharton__Joseph|url-status=live}}</ref> were among those Friends who insisted that the new college of Swarthmore be coeducational. Edward Hicks Magill, the second president, served for 17 years.<ref>Margaret Hope Bacon (1980), ''"Valiant Friend: The Life of Lucretia Mott"'', page 199, {{ISBN|1-888305-09-6}}</ref> His daughter, [[Helen Magill White|Helen Magill]], (1853–1944), was in the first class to graduate in 1873; in 1877, she was the first woman in the United States to earn a [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]]<ref name="ArchiveWomens2">{{cite web|url=http://www.bu.edu/wgs/community/womens-studies-family/|title=Women's, Gender, & Sexuality Studies Faculty » Women's, Gender & Sexuality Studies Program&nbsp;– Boston University|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012035256/http://www.bu.edu/wgs/community/womens-studies-family/|archive-date=October 12, 2013|access-date=January 23, 2014}}</ref>

In the early 1900s, the college had a major collegiate [[Swarthmore Garnet Tide football|American football program]] during the formation period of the soon-to-be nationwide sport (playing [[United States Naval Academy|Navy]], [[Princeton University|Princeton]], [[Columbia University|Columbia]] and other larger schools) and an active fraternity and sorority life.<ref>{{cite book
|title=The Distinctive College
|last=Clark
|first=Burton R.
|publisher=Transaction Publishers
|year=2007
|isbn=978-1-56000-592-6
|pages=179–183
|orig-year=1970
}}</ref> The 1921 appointment of [[Frank Aydelotte]] as president began the development of the school's current academic focus, particularly with his vision for the Honors program based on his experience as a [[Rhodes Scholar]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Distinctive College|last=Clark|first=Burton R.|publisher=Transaction Publishers|year=2007|isbn=978-1-56000-592-6|pages=185–192|orig-year=1970}}</ref>

During [[World War II]], Swarthmore was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally that took part in the [[V-12 Navy College Training Program]], which offered students a path to a [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] commission.<ref name="swarthmore-v-122">{{cite web|url=http://daily.swarthmore.edu/2010/02/19/swarthmore-at-war-part-1/|title=Daily Gazette|year=2011|publisher=[[Swarthmore, Pennsylvania]]: Swarthmore College|access-date=September 29, 2011|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121214235810/http://daily.swarthmore.edu/2010/02/19/swarthmore-at-war-part-1/|archive-date=December 14, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Wolfgang Köhler]], [[Hans Wallach]], and [[Solomon Asch]] were noted psychologists who became professors at Swarthmore, a center for Gestalt psychology. Both Wallach, who was Jewish, and Köhler, who was not, had left [[Nazi Germany]] because of its discriminatory policies. Köhler came to Swarthmore in 1935 and served until his retirement in 1958. Wallach came in 1936, first as a researcher, also teaching from 1942 until 1975. Asch joined the faculty in 1947 and served until 1966, conducting his [[Asch conformity experiments|noted conformity experiments]] at Swarthmore.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.simplypsychology.org/asch-conformity.html|title=Asch Experiment|access-date=May 10, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227222524/https://www.simplypsychology.org/asch-conformity.html|archive-date=December 27, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

The 1960s and 1970s saw the construction of new buildings: Sharples Dining Hall in 1964, Worth Health Center in 1965, the Dana/Hallowell Residence Halls in 1967, and Lang Music Building in 1973.<ref name="briefhist"/> They also saw a 1967 review of the college initiated by President Courtney Smith, a black protest movement, in which African-American students conducted an eight-day [[sit-in]] in the admissions office in 1969 to demand increased black enrollment – the sit-in abruptly ended after Smith's death from a heart attack on January 16<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.swarthmore.edu/swarthmore-college-presidents/courtney-c-smith|title=Courtney C. Smith, 1953–1969|publisher=Swarthmore College|accessdate=August 31, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.nytimes.com/1969/01/17/archives/head-of-swarthmore-dies-during-protest-school-head-dies-during-a.html|title=Head of Swarthmore Dies During Protest|work=[[New York Times]]|page=1|date=January 17, 1969|accessdate=August 31, 2024}}</ref> – and the establishment of both a Black Cultural Center (1970) and Women's Resource Center (1974).<ref name="briefhist"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.swarthmore.edu/timeline/1969-black-student-protest-movement|title=1969 black student protest movement|publisher=Swarthmore College|access-date=April 7, 2018|date=June 16, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408073416/https://www.swarthmore.edu/timeline/1969-black-student-protest-movement|archive-date=April 8, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.swarthmore.edu/timeline/1975-alice-paul-05-and-womens-center|title=1975 Alice Paul '05 and the women's center|publisher=Swarthmore College|access-date=April 7, 2018|date=June 16, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408010428/https://www.swarthmore.edu/timeline/1975-alice-paul-05-and-womens-center|archive-date=April 8, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The Environmental Studies program and the Intercultural Center were established in 1992, and in 1993 the [[Lang Performing Arts Center]] was opened; the Kohlberg Hall was then established in 1996.<ref name="briefhist"/>

In 1999 the college began purchasing [[renewable energy credit]]s in the form of [[wind power]], and in the 2002–2003 academic year it constructed its first [[green roof]].<ref name="briefhist"/> In 2008, Swarthmore's first mascot, Phineas the [[Phoenix (mythology)|Phoenix]], made its debut.<ref name="briefhist"/>