Editing Switching barriers (section)

==Types of switching barriers==

===Procedural switching barriers===
Procedural switching barriers emerge from the buyer’s decision-making process and the execution of their decision.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Jaiswal|first=Anand|date=2007|title=Research in Marketing|url=http://nooruddins.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/IIMA-Research-in-Marketing-Conference-2007.pdf#page=16|journal=Indian Institutes of Management}}</ref> Procedural switching barriers consist of: economic risk, learning, and setup costs, evaluation, this type of switching cost primarily involves the expenditure of time and effort.<ref name=":2" /> There are a number of switching costs or facets that fall under procedural switching barriers. Uncertainty costs refer to the perceived likelihood of acquiring a lesser performance and quality when switching.<ref name=":0" /> They have the potential to prevent a customer from switching.<ref name=":1" /> Pre-switching search and evaluation costs refer to the time and effort costs associated with the search and evaluations required to make a switching decision.<ref name=":2" /> Post-switching behavioural and cognitive costs envision the time and effort needed to become familiar with a new service routine when switching occurs.<ref name=":2" /> Setup costs refer to the time and effort costs related to the process of establishing a new product for initial use or forming a relationship with a new provider.<ref name=":2" />

===Financial switching barriers===
Financial switching barriers involve the loss of financially measurable resources.<ref name=":2" /> There are two facets of financial switching barriers. [[Sunk cost]]s are the considerations of costs and investments already incurred in initiating and maintaining relationships.<ref name=":0" /> Lost performance costs refer to the perceived liberties and benefits lost as a result of switching.<ref name=":0" /> Large lines of credit also act as financial switching barriers when customer lose the offer of large trade credit from incumbent or existing supplier.

===Relational switching barriers===
Relational switching barriers include the psychological or emotional discomfort caused by terminating a relationship and the breaking of bonds, along with the time and effort involved in and forming a new relationship.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Meng|first=Juan|date=2009|title=Investigating Structural Relationships Between Service Quality, Switching Costs, and Customer Satisfaction|url=http://www.digitalcommons.www.na-businesspress.com/JABE/ElliottWeb.pdf|journal=Journal of Applied Business and Economics|volume=9|via=ProQuest Central}}</ref> There are two facets of relational switching barriers. Brand relationship loss costs are the losses associated with severing the bonds of identification that have been developed alongside the brand with which a customer has associated.<ref name=":2" /> These bonds are lost when switching providers. Personal relationship loss costs are the losses and discomfort associated with switching to a provider that a consumer is not familiar with, as familiarity creates comfort for the consumer.<ref name=":2" />

===Collective switching barriers===
Collective switching costs are a unique macro form of switching barriers, appearing when the market presents collective externalities towards a service or product, and represents the combined switching costs of all entities in the market. These costs affect the competition by improving incumbents and withholding new entrants into the market, who must overcome individual and collective switching costs to advance in the market.<ref name=":3" /> In the presence of the product/ service externalities, participation in the dominant product or service provides the most value, while at the same time, it increases the value of the product or service.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=Piccoli|first1=Gabriele|last2=Ives|first2=Blake|date=2005|title=Review: IT-Dependent Strategic Initiatives and Sustained Competitive Advantage: A Review and Synthesis of the Literature|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25148708|journal=MIS Quarterly|volume=29|issue=4|pages=747–776|doi=10.2307/25148708|jstor=25148708 |issn=0276-7783|url-access=subscription}}</ref> As a group, entities face collective switching costs that surpass the sum of the individual costs, because unless a coordinated desertion takes place, any individual deserter finds themselves cut out of the collective use of the product / service and its benefits.<ref name=":4" />