Editing Synchronicity (section)

== Origins ==
[[File:CGJung.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Carl G. Jung]], who coined the term ''synchronicity'' between 1928 and 1930]]

Synchronicity arose with Jung's use of the ancient Chinese divination text ''[[I Ching]]''. It has 64 [[hexagram]]s, each built from two trigrams or [[bagua]]. A divination is made by seemingly random numerical happenings for which the ''I Ching'' text gives detailed situational analysis. [[Richard Wilhelm (sinologist)|Richard Wilhelm]], translator of Chinese, provided Jung with validation. Jung met Wilhelm in [[Darmstadt, Germany]] where [[Hermann von Keyserling]] hosted ''Gesellschaft für Freie Philosophie''. In 1923 Wilhelm was in Zurich, as was Jung, attending the psychology club, where Wilhelm promulgated the ''I Ching''. Finally,

{{blockquote|text=''I Ching'' was published with Wilhelm's commentary. I instantly obtained the book and found to my gratification that Wilhelm took much the same view of the meaningful  connections as I had. But he knew the entire literature and could therefore fill in the gaps which had been outside my competence.|author=[[Aniela Jaffé]] (1962)|source=''[[Memories, Dreams, Reflections]] of C. G. Jung'', page 374}}

Jung coined the term ''synchronicity'' as part of a lecture in May 1930,<ref name=Bishop2008/> or as early as 1928,<ref name=Tarnas2006/> at first for use in discussing [[Chinese folk religion|Chinese religious and philosophical]] concepts.<ref name=Bishop2008/><ref name=cambray/> His first public articulation of the term came in 1930 at the memorial address for Richard Wilhelm where Jung stated:<ref name=cambray/>

{{blockquote|The science [i.e. [[cleromancy]]] of the ''I Ching'' is based not on the causality principle but on one which—hitherto unnamed because not familiar to us—I have tentatively called the {{em|synchronistic}} principle.}}

The ''I Ching'' is one of the five classics of [[Confucianism]]. By selecting a passage according to the traditional chance operations such as tossing coins and counting out [[Achillea millefolium#China|yarrow stalks]], the text is supposed to give insights into a person's inner states. Jung characterised this as the belief in synchronicity, and himself believed the text to give apt readings in his own experiences.<ref name=IDoP/> He would later also recommend this practice to certain of his patients.<ref name=franz_man/> Jung argued that synchronicity could be found diffused throughout [[Chinese philosophy]] more broadly and in various [[Taoist philosophy|Taoist concepts]].<ref name=cambray>{{cite journal|last=Cambray|first=Joe|year=2005|title=The place of the 17th century in Jung's encounter with China|journal=The Journal of Analytical Psychology|volume=50|number=2|pages=195–207|doi=10.1111/j.0021-8774.2005.00523.x|pmid=15817042}}</ref>  Jung also drew heavily from German philosophers [[Gottfried Leibniz]], whose own exposure to [[I Ching divination|''I Ching'' divination]] in the 17th century was the primary precursor to the theory of synchronicity in the West,<ref name=cambray/> [[Arthur Schopenhauer]], whom Jung placed alongside Leibniz as the two philosophers most influential to his formulation of the concept,<ref name=cambray/><ref name=IDoP/> and [[Johannes Kepler]].<ref name=TSEOP/> He points to Schopenhauer, especially, as providing an early conception of synchronicity in the quote:<ref name=IDoP>{{cite dictionary|last=Beebe|first=John|title=Synchronicity|year=2005|dictionary=International Dictionary of Psychoanalysis|edition=1st|publisher=Macmillan Reference USA|isbn=9780028659947}}</ref>

{{blockquote|All the events in a man's life would accordingly stand in two fundamentally different kinds of connection: firstly, in the objective, causal connection of the natural process; secondly, in a subjective connection which exists only in relation to the individual who experiences it, and which is thus as subjective as his own dreams[.]|author=Arthur Schopenhauer|source="Transcendent Speculation on the Apparent Deliberateness in the Fate of the Individual", ''[[Parerga and Paralipomena]]'' (1851), Volume 1, Chapter 4, trans. E. F. J. Payne}}

As with [[Paul Kammerer#Seriality theory|Paul Kammerer's theory of seriality]] developed in the late 1910s, Jung looked to hidden structures of nature for an explanation of coincidences.<ref name=JohansenOsman2015/> In 1932, physicist [[Wolfgang Pauli]] and Jung began what would become an extended correspondence in which they discussed and collaborated on various topics surrounding synchronicity, contemporary science, and what is now known as the [[Pauli effect]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Zabriskie|first=Beverley|chapter=Jung and Pauli: A Meeting of Rare Minds|year=2001|title=Atom and Archetype: The Pauli–Jung Letters, 1932-1958|editor-last=Meier|editor-first=C. A.|translator-last=Roscoe|translator-first=David|location=Princeton, N.J.|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-06911-61471}}</ref> Jung also built heavily upon the idea of [[numinosity]], a concept originating in the work of German religious scholar [[Rudolf Otto]], which describes the feeling of ''[[gravitas]]'' found in [[religious experience]]s, and which perhaps brought greatest criticism upon Jung's theory.<ref name=Kerr2013>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Kerr|first=Laura K.|year=2013|title=Synchronicity|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Critical Psychology|editor-last=Teo|editor-first=T.|publisher=Springer-Verlag|location=Berlin, Heidelberg}}</ref> Jung also drew from parapsychologist [[J. B. Rhine]] whose work in the 1930s had at the time {{em|appeared}} to validate certain claims about [[extrasensory perception]].<ref name=TSEOP/> It was not until a 1951 [[Eranos|Eranos conference]] lecture, after having gradually developed the concept for over two decades, that Jung gave his first major outline of synchronicity.<ref name=Bishop2008/> The following year, Jung and Pauli published their 1952 work ''The Interpretation of Nature and the Psyche'' ({{langx|de|Naturerklärung und Psyche}}), which contained Jung's central monograph on the subject, "[[Synchronicity (book)|Synchronicity: An Acausal Connecting Principle]]".<ref name=Bishop2008/>

Other notable influences and precursors to synchronicity can be found in: the theological concept of [[Correspondence (theology)#Correspondence and esotericism|correspondences]],<ref>[[Wolfgang Pauli]] in [https://carljungdepthpsychologysite.blog/2020/01/05/wolfgang-pauli-summer-may-well-be-a-pleasant-time-but-it-is-one-sided-and-incomplete/#.XzccSXVfjmE letter to Jung] 1950</ref><ref>Brach, Jean-Pierre, and [[Wouter Hanegraaff|Wouter J. Hanegraaff]]. (2006). "Correspondences". In ''Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism'', edited by Wouter Hanegraaff.</ref> [[sympathetic magic]],<ref>[[Robert Todd Carroll]], [http://skepdic.com/sympathetic.html "sympathetic magic"] in [[The Skeptic's Dictionary]]</ref> [[astrology]],<ref name=franz_man>[[Marie-Louise von Franz]], [[Man and His Symbols]] (1964), p. 227</ref> and [[alchemy]].<ref name="TSEOP"/>

=== Pauli–Jung conjecture ===
<noinclude>{{Further|#Philosophy of science|selfref=yes}}</noinclude>
[[File:Wolfgang Pauli ETH-Bib Portr 01042 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Wolfgang Pauli]]

The '''Pauli–Jung conjecture'''<!--boldface per [[WP:R#PLA]]--> is a collaboration in [[metatheory]] between physicist [[Wolfgang Pauli]] and analytical psychologist [[Carl Jung]], centered on the concept of {{nsl|synchronicity}}. It was mainly developed between the years 1946 and 1954, four years before Pauli's death, and speculates on a {{nsl|double-aspect theory|double-aspect}} perspective within the disciplines of both collaborators.<ref name=AtmanspacherFuchs2014/><ref name=Atmanspacher2012>{{cite journal|last=Atmanspacher|first=Harald|year=2012|title=Dual-aspect monism à la Pauli and Jung|journal=Journal of Consciousness Studies|volume=19|number=9|pages=96–120}}</ref> Pauli additionally drew on various elements of [[Quantum mechanics|quantum theory]] such as [[Complementarity (physics)|complementarity]], [[Quantum nonlocality|nonlocality]], and the [[Observer effect (physics)|observer effect]] in his contributions to the project.<ref name=AtmanspacherFuchs2014/><ref name=Filk2014/><ref name=Cambray2014>{{cite book|last=Cambray|first=Joe|year=2014|chapter=The Influence of German Romantic Science on Jung and Pauli|title=The Pauli–Jung Conjecture and Its Impact Today|editor1-last=Atmanspacher|editor1-first=Harald|editor2-last=Fuchs|editor2-first=Christopher A.|publisher=Imprint Academic|edition=2017|pages=37–56|isbn=978-18454-07599}}</ref> Jung and Pauli thereby "offered the radical and brilliant idea that the currency of these correlations is not (quantitative) statistics, as in quantum physics, but (qualitative) meaning".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Atmanspacher |first=Harald |date=2020-01-01 |title=The Pauli–Jung Conjecture and Its Relatives: A Formally Augmented Outline |journal=Open Philosophy |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=527–549 |doi=10.1515/opphil-2020-0138 |s2cid=222005552 |issn=2543-8875|doi-access=free |hdl=20.500.11850/448478 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

Contemporary physicist T. Filk writes that [[quantum entanglement]], being "a particular type of acausal quantum correlations", was plausibly taken by Pauli as "a model for the relationship between mind and matter in the framework [...] he proposed together with Jung".<ref name="Filk2014">{{cite book|last=Filk|first=Thomas|year=2014|chapter=Quantum Entanglement, Hidden Variables, and Acausal Correlations|title=The Pauli–Jung Conjecture and Its Impact Today|editor1-last=Atmanspacher|editor1-first=Harald|editor2-last=Fuchs|editor2-first=Christopher A.|publisher=Imprint Academic|edition=2017|pages=109–123|isbn=978-18454-07599}}</ref> Specifically, quantum entanglement may be the physical phenomenon which most closely represents the concept of synchronicity.<ref name="Filk2014" />