Editing Syncopation (section)

==Types of syncopation==
Technically, "syncopation occurs when a temporary displacement of the regular metrical accent occurs, causing the emphasis to shift from a strong accent to a weak accent".<ref>{{cite book|last=Reed|first=Ted|year=1997|title=Progressive Steps to Syncopation for the Modern Drummer|page=33|publisher=Alfred |isbn=0-88284-795-3}}.</ref> "Syncopation is very simply, a deliberate disruption of the two- or three-beat stress pattern, most often by stressing an [[Off-beat (music)|off-beat]], or a note that is not on the beat."<ref name="Dummies">{{cite book|last1=Day|first1=Holly|last2=Pilhofer|first2=Michael|year=2007|title=Music Theory For Dummies|pages=58–60|publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0-7645-7838-0}}.</ref>

===Suspension===
For the following example, there are two points of syncopation where the third beats are sustained from the second beats. In the same way, the first beat of the second bar is sustained from the fourth beat of the first bar.

{{Block indent|<score sound="1" override_midi="Two point syncopation.mid">
 \new RhythmicStaff {
   \clef percussion
   \time 4/4
   \set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t \tempo 4 = 100
   c4-> c2-> c4->~ c c2-> c4->
}
</score>}}

Though syncopation may be very complex, dense or complex-looking rhythms often contain no syncopation. The following rhythm, though dense, stresses the regular [[Beat (music)#Downbeat|downbeats]], 1 and 4 (in {{music|time|6|8}}):<ref name="Dummies" />

{{Block indent|<score sound="1" override_midi="Not syncopation example.mid">
 \new RhythmicStaff {
   \clef percussion
   \time 6/8
   \set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t \tempo 4 = 80
   c8-> c c
   c16-> \set stemRightBeamCount = #1 c \set stemLeftBeamCount = #1 c \set stemRightBeamCount = #1 c \set stemLeftBeamCount = #1 c c
   c32-> c c \set stemRightBeamCount = #1 c \set stemLeftBeamCount = #1 c c c \set stemRightBeamCount = #1 c \set stemLeftBeamCount = #1 c c c c
   c8-> c c
}
</score>}}

However, whether it is a placed rest or an accented note, any point in a piece of music that changes the listener's sense of the downbeat is a point of syncopation because it shifts where the strong and weak accents are built.<ref name="Dummies" />

===Off-beat syncopation===
The stress can shift by less than a whole beat, so it occurs on an [[Offbeat (music)|offbeat]], as in the following example, where the stress in the first bar is shifted back by an [[eighth note]] (or quaver):

{{Block indent|<score sound="1" override_midi="Syncopation example.mid">
{ \relative c' { \time 4/4 d8 a'4 c8~ c e4 gis,8 a1 } }
</score>}}

Note how in the sound bite, the piano's notes do not happen at the same time as the drum beat that simply keeps a regular rhythm. In contrast, a standard-rhythm piece would have the notes occur ''on'' the beat:

{{Block indent|<score sound="1" override_midi="Unsyncopated off beat example.mid">
{ \relative c' { \time 4/4 d4 a' c e gis, a2. } }
</score>}}

Playing a note ever so slightly before, or after, a beat is another form of syncopation because this produces an unexpected accent:

{{Block indent|<score sound="1" override_midi="Off-beat example other way.mid">
{ \relative c' { \time 4/4 \partial8 d8 a'4 c e gis,8 a~ a1 } }
</score>}}

It can be helpful to think of a {{music|time|4|4}} rhythm in [[eighth note]]s and count it as "1-and-2-and-3-and-4-and". In general, emphasizing the "and" would be considered the off-beat (syncopated), whereas having the emphasis on the numbers is on-beat.

===Anticipated bass===
Anticipated bass<ref>{{cite journal|author=Peter Manuel|date=Autumn–Winter 1985|title=The anticipated bass in Cuban popular music|journal=[[Latin American Music Review]]|volume=6|issue=2|pages=249–261|doi=10.2307/780203 |jstor=780203 }}</ref> is a [[Bass note|bass]] tone that comes syncopated shortly before the [[Beat (music)#Downbeat|downbeat]], which is used in [[Son montuno]] [[Cuban dance music]]. Timing can vary, but it usually occurs on the 2+ and the 4 of the {{music|time|4|4}} time, thus anticipating the third and first beats. This pattern is known commonly as the Afro-Cuban bass [[tumbao]].