Editing Synthetic language (section)

==Forms of synthesis==
Derivational and relational morphology represent opposite ends of a spectrum; that is, a single word in a given language may exhibit varying degrees of both of them simultaneously. Similarly, some words may have derivational morphology while others have relational morphology.

===Derivational synthesis===
In '''derivational synthesis''', morphemes of different types ([[noun]]s, [[verbs]], [[affix]]es, etc.) are joined to create new words. That is, in general, the morphemes being combined are more concrete units of meaning.<ref name=":1" /> The morphemes being synthesized in the following examples either belong to a particular grammatical class – such as [[adjective]]s, nouns, or [[preposition]]s – or are affixes that usually have a single form and meaning:

* [[German language|German]]
{{interlinear|lang=de|indent=4
|top= {{lang|de|Aufsichtsratsmitgliederversammlung}}
|{{wikt-lang|de|Aufsicht}} -s- {{wikt-lang|de|Rat}} -s- {{wikt-lang|de|Mitglieder}} {{wikt-lang|de|Versammlung}}
|supervision {} council {} members assembly
|"The supervisory board's memebers' meeting"}}
::* This word demonstrates the hierarchical construction of synthetically derived words:
:::# {{lang|de|Aufsichtsratsmitglieder}} "[the] supervisory board's + members" + {{lang|de|Versammlung}} "meeting"
:::## {{lang|de|Aufsichtsrat}} "supervisory board" + ''s'' (''[[German nouns#Compounds|Fugen-s]]'') + {{lang|de|Mitglieder}} "members"
:::### {{lang|de|Aufsicht}} "supervision" + ''s'' + {{lang|de|Rat}} "council, board"
:::#### {{lang|de|auf-}} "on, up" + {{lang|de|Sicht}} "sight"
:::### {{lang|de|Mitglied}} "member" + {{lang|de|-er}} plural
:::#### {{lang|de|[[wikt:mit-|mit-]]}} "co-" + {{lang|de|[[wikt:Glied|Glied]]}} "element, constituent part"
:::## {{lang|de|[[wikt:ver-#German|ver-]]}} (a verb prefix of variable meaning) + {{lang|de|[[wikt:sammeln|sammeln]]}} "to gather" + {{lang|de|-ung}} present participle
:::*{{lang|de|auf-}}, {{lang|de|mit-}}, {{lang|de|-er}}, {{lang|de|ver-}}, and {{lang|de|-ung}} are all [[bound morpheme]]s.
* [[Greek language|Greek]]
{{fs interlinear|lang=el|indent=4
|top= {{lang|el|προπαροξυτόνησις}} ({{transliteration|el|proparoxutónesis}})
|{{wikt-lang|el|προ}} {{wikt-lang|el|παρ-}} {{wikt-lang|el|οξύ}} {{wikt-lang|el|τόνος|τόν}} {{wikt-lang|el|-ησις}}
|pro par oxý tón -esis
|pre {next to} sharp pitch/tone tendency
|"Tendency to accent on the [[proparoxytone]] &#91;third-to-last&#93; position"}}
* [[Polish language|Polish]]
{{interlinear|lang=pl|indent=4
|top= {{wikt-lang|pl|przystanek}}
|{{wikt-lang|pl|przystań}} {{wikt-lang|pl|-ek}}
|harbor DIM
|"Public transportation stop &#91;without facilities&#93;" (i.e. [[bus stop]], [[tram stop]], or [[railway station|rail halt]])—compare to {{lang|pl|[[wikt:dworzec|dworzec]]}}.}}
* [[English language|English]]
{{interlinear|lang=en|indent=4
|top= ''[[Antidisestablishmentarianism (word)|antidisestablishmentarianism]]'' 
|{{wikt-lang|en|anti-}} {{wikt-lang|en|dis-}} {{wikt-lang|en|establish}} {{wikt-lang|en|-ment}} {{wikt-lang|en|-arian}} {{wikt-lang|en|-ism}}
|against ending {to institute} {{gcl|NS|noun suffix}} advocate ideology
|"the movement to prevent revoking the Church of England's status as the official church &#91;of England, Ireland, and Wales&#93;."}}
:* English word chains such as ''child labour law'' may count as well, because it is merely an orthographic convention to write them as isolated words. Grammatically and phonetically they behave like one word (stress on the first syllable, plural morpheme at the end).
* [[Russian language|Russian]]
{{fs interlinear|lang=ru|indent=4
|top= {{wikt-lang|ru|достопримечательность}} ({{transliteration|ru|dostoprimečátelʹnostʹ}}) 
|{{wikt-lang|ru|достойный|досто}} {{wikt-lang|ru|примечательный|примечательн}} {{wikt-lang|ru|-ость}}
|dosto primečátelʹn -ostʹ
|deserving notable {{gcl|NS|noun suffix}}
|"Place of interest"}}
* [[Persian language|Persian]]
{{fs interlinear|lang=fa|indent=4
|top= {{wikt-lang|fa|نوازندگی}} ({{transliteration|fa|navâzandegi}})
|{{wikt-lang|fa|نواز}} {{wikt-lang|fa|نده#suffix|ــ‌نده}} {{wikt-lang|fa|گی#Suffix|ــ‌گی}}
|navâz -ande -gi
|{play music} -ing {{gcl|NS|noun suffix}}
|"musicianship" or "playing a musical instrument"}}
* [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]
{{fs interlinear|lang=uk|indent=4
|top= {{lang|uk|навздогін}} ({{transliteration|uk|navzdohin}})
|на вз до гін
|na vz do hin
|{direction/intent} {adjective} {approach} {fast movement}|"after something or someone that is moving away"}}
* international [[classical compounds]] based on Greek and Latin
{{interlinear|lang=en|indent=4
|top= hypercholesterolemia ({{lang|grc|υπερχοληστερολαιμία}})
|{{wikt-lang|en|hyper-}} {{wikt-lang|en|cholesterol}} {{wikt-lang|en|-emia}}
|high cholesterol blood
|the presence of high levels of [[cholesterol]] in the blood.}}
:::* alternately, cholesterol can be read as [[wikt:chole-|chole-]] + {{lang|grc|[[wikt:στερεός|στερεός]]}}({{transliteration|grc|stereós}}) + [[wikt:-ol#English|-ol]], as in "bile + solid + &#91;alcohol suffix&#93;", or "the solid alcohol present in bile".

===Relational synthesis===
In '''relational synthesis''', [[Root (linguistics)|root words]] are joined to [[bound morpheme]]s to show grammatical function. In other words, it involves the combination of more abstract units of meaning than derivational synthesis.<ref name=":1" /> In the following examples many of the morphemes are related to [[voice (grammar)|voice]] (e.g. passive voice), whether a word is in the [[subject (grammar)|subject]] or [[object (grammar)|object]] of the sentence, [[possession (linguistics)|possession]], [[plural]]ity, or other abstract distinctions in a language:

* [[Italian language|Italian]]
{{interlinear|lang=it|indent=4
|top= {{lang|it|comunicandovele}}
|{{wikt-lang|it|comunicare|comunic}} {{wikt-lang|it|-ando}} {{wikt-lang|it|ve}} {{wikt-lang|it|le}}
|communicate GER you.PL those.FEM.PL
|"Communicating those&#91;feminine plural&#93; to you&#91;plural&#93;"}}
* [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
{{interlinear|lang=es|indent=4
|top= {{lang|es|escribiéndomelo}}
|{{wikt-lang|es|escribir|escrib}} {{wikt-lang|es|-iendo|iéndo}} {{wikt-lang|es|me}} {{wikt-lang|es|lo}}
|write GER me it
|"Writing it to me"}}
* [[Estonian language|Estonian]]
{{interlinear|lang=et|indent=4
|top= {{lang|et|raskestikasvatatav}}
|{{wikt-lang|et|raske}} {{wikt-lang|et|kasvatama}} 
|raske-sti-kasvata-tav
|heavy-ly-educat-able}}
|"with learning disabilities"
* [[Catalan language|Catalan]]
{{interlinear|lang=es|indent=4
|top= {{lang|ca|Anem-se'n / Anem-nos-en}}
|{{wikt-lang|ca|anar|an}} {{wikt-lang|ca|-em|-em}} {{wikt-lang|ca|-nos|-se/-nos}} {{wikt-lang|ca|en|-en/'n}}
|go we ourselves from
|"Let's get out of here"}}
* [[Nahuatl]]
{{interlinear|lang=nah|indent=4
|top= {{lang|nah|ōcāltizquiya}}
|ō c ā lti zquiya
|PAST 3SG-{{gcl|OBJ|object}} water CAUS IRR
|"She would have bathed him"}}
* [[Latin language|Latin]]
{{interlinear|lang=la|indent=4
|top= {{wikt-lang|la|comprimuntur}}
|{{wikt-lang|la|con-|com}} {{wikt-lang|la|premo|prim}} {{wikt-lang|la|comprimunt|unt}} {{wikt-lang|la|comprimuntur|ur}}
|together crush they PASS
|"They are crushed together"}}
* [[Albanian language|Albanian]]
**{{lang|sq|jepmani}} 
***"give + to me + it&#91;singular&#93; + you&#91;plural&#93; + &#91;[[imperative mood]]&#93;"
***'You, give it to me'
* [[Japanese language|Japanese]]
{{fs interlinear|lang=ja|indent=4
|top= {{lang|ja|見させられがたい}} ({{transliteration|ja|misaseraregatai}})
|{{wikt-lang|ja|見}} {{wikt-lang|ja|させる|させ}} {{wikt-lang|ja|られる|られ}} {{wikt-lang|ja|かたい|がたい}}
|mi sase rare gatai
|see CAUS PASS difficult
|"It's difficult to be shown &#91;this&#93;"}}
* [[Finnish language|Finnish]]
{{interlinear|lang=fi|indent=4
|top= {{lang|fi|juoksentelisinkohan}}
|{{wikt-lang|fi|juosta}} {{wikt-lang|fi|-ella}} -isin {{wikt-lang|fi|-ko}} {{wikt-lang|fi|-han}}
|run FREQ I.COND Q {{gcl|CAS|casual suffix}}
|"I wonder if I should run around &#91;aimlessly&#93;"}}
* [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]
{{interlinear|lang=hu|indent=4
|top= {{lang|hu|házaitokban}}
|{{wikt-lang|hu|ház}} {{wikt-lang|hu|-a}} {{wikt-lang|hu|-i}} {{wikt-lang|hu|-tok}} {{wikt-lang|hu|-ban}}
|house POSS PL your.PL in
|"In your houses"}}
{{interlinear|lang=hu|indent=4
|top= {{lang|hu|szeretlek}}
|{{wikt-lang|hu|szeret}} {{wikt-lang|hu|-lek}}
|love {I REFL you}
|"I love you"}}
* [[Turkish language|Turkish]]
{{interlinear
| lang = tr
| indent = 4
| top = {{lang|tr|Afyonkarahisarlılaştıramayabileceklerimizden misiniz?}}|[[Afyonkarahisar]] {{wikt-lang|tr|-li|-lı}} -laş -tır {{wikt-lang|tr|-ama}} (y) {{wikt-lang|tr|bilmek|-abil}} {{wikt-lang|tr|-ecek}} {{wikt-lang|tr|-ler}} {{wikt-lang|tr|-imiz}} {{wikt-lang|tr|-den}} {{wikt-lang|tr|misiniz}}?|Afyonkarahisar {citizen of} transform PASS notbe (thematic) able FUT PL we among you-PL-FUT-Q|"Are you&#91;plural/formal&#93; amongst the ones whom we might not be able to make citizens of [[Afyonkarahisar]]?"
}}
* [[Georgian language|Georgian]]
{{fs interlinear|lang=ka|indent=4
|top= {{lang|ka|გადმოგვახტუნებინებდნენო}} ({{transliteration|ka|gadmogvakhṭunebinebdneno}})
|{{wikt-lang|ka|გადმო-}} გვ- ა- {{wikt-lang|ka|ხტუნვა|ხტუნ}} {{wikt-lang|ka|-ებ-|-ებ}} -ინ {{wikt-lang|ka|-ებ-|-ებ}} -დ -ნენ {{wikt-lang|ka|-ო}}
|gadmo gv a khtun eb in eb d nen o
|"They said that they would be forced by them &#91;the others&#93; to make someone to jump over in this direction." (The word describes the whole sentence that incorporates tense, subject, object, relation between them, direction of the action, conditional and causative markers etc.)}}