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==Medical syringes== {{see also|Hypodermic needle}} [[Image:Syringe.jpg|thumb|The threads of the [[Luer taper|Luer lock]] tip of this 12mL disposable syringe keep it securely connected to a tube or other apparatus.]] [[File:SyringeAllGlass.jpg|thumb|Syringe made entirely of glass, with no parts made from plastic nor any other material]] [[File:Rekord-Spritze.jpg|thumb|An antique glass and metal syringe]] Medical syringes include disposable and [[safety syringe]]s, injection pens, needleless injectors, insulin pumps, and specialty needles.<ref>{{cite web|title=Disposable Syringe Markets|publisher=TriMark Publications, LLC|date=June 2013|url=http://www.trimarkpublications.com/products/Disposable-Syringe-Markets.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911154606/http://www.trimarkpublications.com/products/Disposable-Syringe-Markets.html|archive-date=2014-09-11}}</ref> Hypodermic syringes are used with [[hypodermic needle]]s to [[Injection (medicine)|inject]] liquid or gases into body tissues, or to remove from the body. Injecting of air into a [[blood vessel]] is hazardous, as it may cause an [[air embolism]]; preventing embolisms by removing air from the syringe is one of the reasons for the familiar image of holding a hypodermic syringe pointing upward, tapping it, and expelling a small amount of liquid before an injection into the [[bloodstream]]. The [[barrel]] of a syringe is made of plastic or glass, usually has graduated marks indicating the volume of fluid in the syringe, and is nearly always transparent. Glass syringes may be [[Sterilization (microbiology)|sterilized]] in an [[autoclave]]. Plastic syringes can be constructed as either two-part or three-part designs. A three-part syringe contains a plastic plunger/[[piston]] with a rubber tip to create a seal between the piston and the barrel, where a two-part syringe is manufactured to create a perfect fit between the plastic plunger and the barrel to create the seal without the need for a separate synthetic rubber piston. Two-part syringes have been traditionally used in [[Europe|European countries]] to prevent introduction of additional materials such as silicone oil needed for lubricating three-part plungers.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Anatomy of the Hypodermic Needle and Syringe |url=https://www.exchangesupplies.org/article_the_anatomy_of_a_hypodermic_needle_and_syringe.php |website=www.exchangesupplies.org |access-date=18 May 2021}}</ref> Most modern medical syringes are plastic because they are cheap enough to dispose of after being used only once, reducing the risk of spreading [[blood-borne disease]]s. Reuse of needles and syringes has caused spread of diseases, especially [[HIV]] and [[hepatitis]], among intravenous drug users. Syringes are also commonly reused by diabetics, as they can go through several in a day with multiple daily insulin injections, which becomes an affordability issue for many. Even though the syringe and needle are only used by a single person, this practice is still unsafe as it can introduce bacteria from the skin into the bloodstream and cause serious and sometimes lethal infections.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/HEALTH/expert.q.a/09/28/insulin.syringe.brawley/index.html|title=Is it safe to reuse an insulin syringe? - CNN.com|first=Asked by|last=Bethany|website=[[CNN]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710123054/http://www.cnn.com/2011/HEALTH/expert.q.a/09/28/insulin.syringe.brawley/index.html|archive-date=2017-07-10}}</ref> In medical settings, single-use needles and syringes effectively reduce the risk of cross-contamination.<ref>{{cite web|title=Disposable Medical Supplies Markets|publisher=TriMark Publications, LLC|date=July 2014|url=http://www.trimarkpublications.com/products/Disposable-Medical-Supplies-Markets.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224004233/http://www.trimarkpublications.com/products/Disposable-Medical-Supplies-Markets.html|archive-date=2014-02-24}}</ref> Medical syringes are sometimes used without a needle for orally administering liquid medicines to young children or animals, or milk to small young animals, because the dose can be measured accurately and it is easier to squirt the medicine into the subject's mouth instead of coaxing the subject to drink out of a measuring spoon. ===Tip designs=== Syringes come with a number of designs for the area in which the blade locks to the syringe body. Perhaps the most well known of these is the [[Luer lock]], which simply twists the two together. Bodies featuring a small, plain connection are known as slip tips and are useful for when the syringe is being connected to something not featuring a screw lock mechanism. Similar to this is the catheter tip, which is essentially a slip tip but longer and tapered, making it good for pushing into things where there the plastic taper can form a tight seal. These can also be used for rinsing out wounds or large abscesses in veterinary use. There is also an eccentric tip, where the nozzle at the end of the syringe is not in the centre of the syringe but at the side. This causes the blade attached to the syringe to lie almost in line with the walls of the syringe itself and they are used when the blade needs to get very close to parallel with the skin (when injecting into a surface vein or artery for example). ===Standard U-100 insulin syringes===<!-- This section is linked from [[Insulin pump]] --> [[Image:Standard insulin syringe.JPG|thumb|Insulin syringes are marked in insulin "units".]] Syringes for [[insulin]] users are designed for standard U-100 insulin. The dilution of insulin is such that 1 mL of insulin fluid has 100 standard "units" of insulin.<ref>{{cite journal|pmid=12060790 |title= Making the unit of insulin: standards, clinical work, and industry, 1920–1925|date=2010-12-08 |volume=76 |issue=2 |journal=Bull Hist Med |pages=231–70 |author=Sinding C|doi= 10.1353/bhm.2002.0097|s2cid= 44334307}}</ref> A typical insulin vial may contain 10 mL, for 1000 units. Insulin syringes are made specifically for a patient to inject themselves, and have features to assist this purpose when compared to a syringe for use by a healthcare professional: *shorter needles,<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |url=http://www.bd.com/us/diabetes/page.aspx?cat=7001&id=7253 |title=BD Diabetes-Insulin Syringe Needle Sizes |publisher=Bd.com |access-date=2010-12-30 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928121119/http://www.bd.com/us/diabetes/page.aspx?cat=7001&id=7253 |archive-date=2011-09-28 }}</ref> as insulin injections are [[Subcutaneous injection|subcutaneous]] (under the skin) rather than intramuscular, *finer gauge needles,<ref name="autogenerated1"/> for less pain, *markings in insulin units to simplify drawing a measured dose of insulin, and<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bd.com/us/diabetes/page.aspx?cat=7001&id=7252 |title=BD Diabetes-Syringe Capacity and Dose Size |publisher=Bd.com |access-date=2010-12-30 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707095615/http://www.bd.com/us/diabetes/page.aspx?cat=7001&id=7252 |archive-date=2011-07-07 }}</ref> *[[low dead space syringe|low dead space]] to reduce complications caused by improper drawing order of different insulin strengths.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brange |first1=Jens |title=Galenics of Insulin: The Physico-chemical and Pharmaceutical Aspects of Insulin and Insulin Preparations |date=6 December 2012 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3-662-02526-0 |page=47 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EGnmCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA47 |language=en}}</ref> {|class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" align=center width="500" border="1" style="background:powderblue;" | |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#bcd2ee;"| '''U-100 syringe sizes and markings''' |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#cae1ff;"| 1cc (1 mL) Syringe |- ! style="width:250px; background:ivory;"| Holds maximum: ! style="background:ivory;"| 100 units<ref name="childrenwithdiabetes1">{{cite web |url=http://www.childrenwithdiabetes.com/gifs/products/BDUFS1cc.jpg |title=Close-up of BD 1cc Syringes-UltraFine-30 Gauge-1/2", UltraFine II Short-31 Gauge-5/16" & MicroFine-28 Gauge-1/2" |access-date=2010-12-30 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215083626/http://www.childrenwithdiabetes.com/gifs/products/BDUFS1cc.jpg |archive-date=2016-02-15 }}</ref> |- ! style="background:ivory;"| Numbered in: ! style="background:ivory;"| 10 unit increments<ref name="childrenwithdiabetes1"/> |- ! style="background:ivory;"| Smallest line measures 2 units:<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |url=http://www.vetmed.wsu.edu/clientED/diabetes.asp |title=Diabetes Mellitus-Washington State University |publisher=Vetmed.wsu.edu |access-date=2010-12-30 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110103175134/http://www.vetmed.wsu.edu/ClientED/diabetes.asp |archive-date=2011-01-03 }}</ref> ! style="background:ivory;"|BD<ref name="childrenwithdiabetes1"/><br/>ReliOn<ref name="relion1">{{cite web |url=http://www.relion.com/information/faq-insulin_delivery.htm#4 |title=ReliOn Insulin Syringe Markings |publisher=Relion.com |access-date=2010-12-30 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101128234003/http://relion.com/information/faq-insulin_delivery.htm#4 |archive-date=2010-11-28 }}</ref><br/>Monoject<ref name="diabeteshealth1">{{cite web |url=http://www.diabeteshealth.com/media/pdfs/PRG0107/Syringes-PRG-0107.pdf |title=Diabetes Health Syringe Listings |access-date=2010-12-30 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710123551/http://www.diabeteshealth.com/media/pdfs/PRG0107/Syringes-PRG-0107.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-10 }}</ref><br/>(all but 31 gauge needle) |- ! style="background:ivory;"| Smallest line measures 1 unit: ! style="background:ivory;"|Easy Touch<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.easytouchsyringes.com/quality.htm |title=Easy Touch Syringe demonstration-their syringes all measure in 1 unit increments |publisher=Easytouchsyringes.com |access-date=2010-12-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710164413/http://www.easytouchsyringes.com/quality.htm |archive-date=2011-07-10 }}</ref><br/>Precision Sure Dose<ref name="diabeteshealth1"/> |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#cae1ff;"| 1/2cc (0.5 mL) Syringe |- ! style="width:250px; background:ivory;"| Holds maximum: ! style="background:ivory;"| 50 units<ref name="childrenwithdiabetescc">{{cite web |url=http://www.childrenwithdiabetes.com/gifs/products/BDUFS05cc.jpg |title=Close-up of BD 1/2 cc Syringes—UltraFine-30 Gauge-1/2", UltraFine II Short-31 Gauge-5/16" & MicroFine-28 Gauge-1/2" |access-date=2010-12-30 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215083627/http://www.childrenwithdiabetes.com/gifs/products/BDUFS05cc.jpg |archive-date=2016-02-15 }}</ref> |- ! style="background:ivory;"| Numbered in: ! style="background:ivory;"| 10 unit increments<ref name="childrenwithdiabetescc"/> |- ! style="background:ivory;"| Smallest line measures 1 unit:<ref name="autogenerated2"/> ! style="background:ivory;"| BD<ref name="childrenwithdiabetescc"/><br/>Precision Sure Dose<ref name="diabeteshealth1"/><br/>Ulti-Care<ref name="diabeteshealth1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ulti-care.com/ultiguard_insulinsyringes.html |title=Ulti-Care U100 Syringes-Product Information |publisher=Ulti-care.com |access-date=2010-12-30 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717150302/http://www.ulti-care.com/ultiguard_insulinsyringes.html |archive-date=2011-07-17 }}</ref> <br/>Easy Touch<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.easytouchsyringes.com/quality.htm |title=Easy Touch Syringes demonstration-all syringes with 1 unit increment markings |publisher=Easytouchsyringes.com |access-date=2010-12-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710164413/http://www.easytouchsyringes.com/quality.htm |archive-date=2011-07-10 }}</ref><br/>ReliOn<ref name="relion1"/><br/>Monoject<ref name="diabeteshealth1"/> |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#cae1ff;"| 3/10cc (0.3 mL) Syringe |- ! style="width:250px; background:ivory;"| Holds maximum: ! style="background:ivory;"| 30 units<ref name="childrenwithdiabetes2">{{cite web |url=http://www.childrenwithdiabetes.com/gifs/products/BDUFS03cc.jpg |title=Close-up of BD 3/10 Syringes-UltraFine-30 Gauge-1/2", UltraFine II Short-31 Gauge-5/16", UltraFine Short-Half Unit Markings-31 Gauge-5/16" & MicroFine-28 Gauge-1/2" |access-date=2010-12-30 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215083627/http://www.childrenwithdiabetes.com/gifs/products/BDUFS03cc.jpg |archive-date=2016-02-15 }}</ref> |- ! style="background:ivory;"|Numbered in: ! style="background:ivory;"| 5 unit increments<ref name="childrenwithdiabetes2"/> |- ! style="background:ivory;"| Smallest line measures 1 unit:<ref name="autogenerated2"/> ! style="background:ivory;"| BD Micro Fine<ref name="diabeteshealth1"/><br/>BD Ultra Fine<ref name="diabeteshealth1"/><ref name="childrenwithdiabetes2"/><br/>(standard length only)<br/>Monoject<ref name="diabeteshealth1"/><br/> Easy Touch<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.easytouchsyringes.com/quality.htm |title=Easy Touch Syringes-all products measure in 1 unit increment markings |publisher=Easytouchsyringes.com |access-date=2010-12-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710164413/http://www.easytouchsyringes.com/quality.htm |archive-date=2011-07-10 }}</ref><br/>UltiCare<ref name="diabeteshealth1"/> |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#cae1ff;"| Half-unit scale 3/10cc (0.3 mL) Syringe<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bd.com/resource.aspx?IDX=7917 |title=Comparison of 3/10 cc syringe marks—half unit and whole unit scale-BD |access-date=2010-12-30 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928121135/http://www.bd.com/resource.aspx?IDX=7917 |archive-date=2011-09-28 }}</ref> |- ! style="width:250px; background:ivory;"| Holds maximum: ! style="background:ivory;"| 30 units<ref name="childrenwithdiabetes2"/> |- ! style="background:ivory;"| Numbered in: ! style="background:ivory;"| 5 unit increments<ref name="childrenwithdiabetes2"/> |- ! style="background:ivory;"| Smallest line measures 1/2 unit: ! style="background:ivory;"| BD Ultra Fine II (short)<ref name="diabeteshealth1"/><ref name="childrenwithdiabetes2"/><br/>ReliOn<ref name="relion1"/><ref name="diabeteshealth1"/> |} {{clear right}} ===Multishot needle syringes=== There are needle syringes designed to reload from a built-in tank (container) after each injection, so they can make several or many injections on a filling. These are not used much in human medicine because of the risk of cross-infection via the needle. An exception is the personal [[insulin]] [[autoinjector]] used by [[diabetes|diabetic]] patients and in dual-chambered syringe designs intended to deliver a prefilled saline flush solution after the medication.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = May-Newman K, Matyska MT, Lee MN | title = Design an Preliminary Testing of a Novel Dual-Chambered Syringe | journal = Journal of Medical Devices | volume = 5 | pages = 021003 | date = June 2011 | issue = 2 | doi = 10.1115/1.4003822 }}</ref> ===Venom extraction syringes=== Venom extraction syringes are different from standard syringes, because they usually do not puncture the wound. The most common types have a plastic nozzle which is placed over the affected area, and then the syringe piston is pulled back, creating a vacuum that allegedly sucks out the venom. Attempts to treat snakebites in this way are specifically advised against, as they are ineffective and can cause additional injury.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Sean P.|last1=Bush MD|title=Snakebite Suction Devices Don't Remove Venom: They Just Suck|journal=[[Annals of Emergency Medicine]]|volume=43|issue=2|pages=187–188|date=February 2004|url=http://www.doctorross.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2009/01/bush-sp-snakebite-suction-devices-suck-emerg-med-clin-n-am.pdf|access-date=2014-12-24|doi=10.1016/j.annemergmed.2003.10.031|pmid=14747806|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517093243/http://www.doctorross.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2009/01/bush-sp-snakebite-suction-devices-suck-emerg-med-clin-n-am.pdf|archive-date=2013-05-17}}</ref> Syringes of this type are sometimes used for extracting [[human botfly]] larvae from the skin.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Andrea K. |last=Boggild |author2=Jay S. Keystone |author3=Kevin C. Kain |title=Furuncular myiasis: a simple and rapid method for extraction of intact Dermatobia hominis larvae |journal=[[Clinical Infectious Diseases]] |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=336–338 |date=August 2002 |pmid=12115102 |doi=10.1086/341493 |doi-access= }}</ref> ===Oral=== An oral syringe is a [[measuring instrument]] used to accurately measure doses of liquid [[medication]], expressed in [[Millilitre#SI prefixes applied to the litre|millilitres]] (mL). They do not have threaded tips, because no needle or other device needs to be screwed onto them. The contents are simply squirted or sucked from the syringe directly into the mouth of the person or animal. Oral syringes are available in various sizes, from 1–10 mL and larger. An oral syringe is typically purple in colour to distinguish it from a standard injection syringe with a luer tip.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Precision Oral Syringes Frequently asked questions |url=https://oralsyringes.uk/faq/ |website=oralsyringes.uk|date=30 March 2018 }}</ref> The sizes most commonly used are 1 mL, 2.5 mL, 3 mL, 5 mL and 10 mL.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/health_advice/facts/oralsyringe.htm|title=How to use your oral syringe|work=Netdoctor|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110104083118/http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/health_advice/facts/oralsyringe.htm|archive-date=2011-01-04|date=2012-11-23}}</ref> ===Dental syringes=== A dental syringe is used by [[dentist]]s for the injection of an [[Dental anesthesia|anesthetic]].<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/lidocaine-hydrochloride-local.html|title=Lidocaine Hydrochloride (Local) Monograph for Professionals - Drugs.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729055253/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/lidocaine-hydrochloride-local.html|archive-date=2017-07-29}}</ref> It consists of a [[breechloader|breech-loading]] syringe fitted with a sealed cartridge containing an anesthetic solution. In 1928, [[Bayer]] Dental developed, coined and produced a sealed cartridge system under the registered trademark Carpule<sup>®</sup>. The current trademark owner is [[Heraeus#Heraeus Kulzer|Kulzer Dental]] [[GmbH]]. The carpules have long been reserved for [[anesthesia|anesthetic]] products for dental use. It is practically a bottomless flask. The latter is replaced by an [[elastomer]] plug that can slide in the body of the cartridge. This plug will be pushed by the plunger of the syringe. The neck is closed with a rubber cap. The dentist places the cartridge directly into a [[stainless steel]] syringe, with a double-pointed (single-use) needle. The tip placed on the cartridge side punctures the capsule and the piston will push the product. There is therefore no contact between the product and the ambient air during use. The ancillary tool (generally part of a [[dental engine]]) used to supply water, compressed air or mist (formed by combination of water and compressed air) to the oral cavity for the purpose of irrigation (cleaning debris away from the area the dentist is working on), is also referred to as a dental syringe or a dental irrigation nozzle. A 3-way syringe/nozzle has separate internal channels supplying air, water or a mist created by combining the pressurized air with the waterflow. The syringe tip can be separated from the main body and replaced when necessary. In the UK and Ireland, manually operated hand syringes are used to inject [[lidocaine]] into patients' gums.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Use of safety dental syringes in British and Irish dental schools|first1=J. M.|last1=Zakrzewska|first2=E. C.|last2=Boon|date=23 August 2003|journal=British Dental Journal|volume=195|issue=4|pages=207–209|doi=10.1038/sj.bdj.4810445|pmid=12970703|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Cross-infection control: Introducing safety syringes into a UK dental school – a controlled study|first1=J. M.|last1=Zakrzewska|first2=I.|last2=Greenwood|first3=J.|last3=Jackson|date=27 January 2001|journal=British Dental Journal|volume=190|issue=2|pages=88–92|doi=10.1038/sj.bdj.4800891|pmid=11213339|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="auto"/> === Dose-sparing syringes === [[File:Oxford AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine (2021) D.jpeg|thumb|A dose-sparing syringe and needle being used to draw up a COVID-19 vaccine]] A dose-sparing syringe is one which minimises the amount of liquid remaining in the barrel after the plunger has been depressed. These syringes feature a combined needle and syringe, and a protrusion on the face of the plunger to expel liquid from the needle hub. Such syringes were particularly popular during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] as vaccines were in short supply.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Government orders 65m syringes ahead of potential Covid-19 vaccine|url=https://www.pulsetoday.co.uk/news/clinical-areas/immunology-and-vaccines/government-orders-65m-syringes-ahead-of-potential-covid-19-vaccine/|access-date=2021-04-15|website=www.pulsetoday.co.uk|date=14 July 2020 }}</ref> ===Regulation=== In some jurisdictions, the sale or possession of hypodermic syringes may be controlled or prohibited without a prescription,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.childrenwithdiabetes.com/d_09_700.htm |title=Children With Diabetes-Prescription Needed or Not? |publisher=Childrenwithdiabetes.com |access-date=2010-12-30 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214090041/http://childrenwithdiabetes.com/d_09_700.htm |archive-date=2010-12-14 }}</ref> due to its potential use with illegal [[intravenous drug]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.temple.edu/lawschool/phrhcs/de-criminal_laws.htm|title=Criminal Law and Syringe Disposal in Delaware|access-date=2012-04-03|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330014405/http://www.temple.edu/lawschool/phrhcs/de-criminal_laws.htm|archive-date=2013-03-30}}</ref>
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