Editing TRIUMF (section)

==History==

TRIUMF was founded in 1968 by [[Simon Fraser University]], the University of British Columbia, and the [[University of Victoria]] to meet research needs that no single university could provide. The name TRIUMF was originally an acronym based on '''TRI University Meson Facility''', but no longer reflects its current state as a consortium of 19 member and associate universities across [[Canada]].<ref>{{cite web|title=History|url=http://www.triumf.ca/home/about-triumf/history|website=TRIUMF: Canada's national lab for particle and nuclear physics|publisher=TRIUMF|access-date=July 15, 2015}}</ref>
[[Image:Triumf Front Signboard.jpg|thumb|TRIUMF entrance]]

Since its inception as a local university facility, it has evolved into a national laboratory while maintaining strong ties to Canadian universities' research programs. Its related fields of study have expanded from nuclear physics to include particle physics, molecular and materials science, nuclear medicine, and accelerator research and development.

TRIUMF's 520 MeV cyclotron was officially commissioned on February 9, 1976 by [[Pierre Trudeau]], the 15th [[Prime Minister of Canada]], who said, "I don't really know what a cyclotron is, but I am certainly very happy Canada has one."<ref>{{cite web|title=Particle physics lab TRIUMF invites artists to connect science to society|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/triumf-artist-residence-40-years-1.3440572|website=CBC.ca |publisher=CBC |access-date=February 9, 2016}}</ref>

Before the [[Riken]] SRC (superconducting ring cyclotron) was built, TRIUMF was the world's largest cyclotron in terms of weight and beam or magnetic field radius. The Riken SRC is now heavier than the TRIUMF cyclotron, but TRIUMF has the largest beam radius and largest vacuum tank. Riken's magnetic field covers from 3.5 m to 5.5 m radius with maximum beam radius of about {{convert|5|m|in}}, while TRIUMF's field goes from 0 to about 320 inches radius with maximum beam radius of 310 inches, as it requires a lower magnetic field to reduce EM stripping.

===Laboratory directors===
TRIUMF has had nine directors of its operations:
* John Warren – 1968–1971
* [[John Reginald Richardson]] – 1971–1976
* Jack Sample – 1976–1981
* [[Erich Vogt]] – 1981–1994
* [[Alan Astbury]] – 1994–2001
* Alan Shotter – 2001–2007
* [[Nigel Lockyer|Nigel S. Lockyer]] – 2007–2013
* [[Jonathan Bagger|Jonathan A. Bagger]] – 2014–2020
* [[Nigel J. T. Smith]] – 2021–present

===Historic timeline===

{{Prose|section|date=July 2011}}
'''1965''' – BC nuclear physicists agree on meson facility

'''1968''' – John Warren becomes first director of TRIUMF

'''1969''' – TRIUMF holds opening ceremony

'''1970''' – Ground-breaking ceremony

'''1971''' – Cyclotron assembly begins, Reginald Richardson becomes director of TRIUMF

'''1974''' – Cyclotron produces its first beam

'''1975''' – Proton science program initiated, first polarized proton beam, first μSR experiment at TRIUMF

'''1976''' – Pierre Elliot Trudeau's official dedication, Dr. Erich Vogt becomes an Officer of the Order of Canada, Jack Sample becomes director of TRIUMF

'''1977''' – Medium-resolution spectrometer MRS in operation, first Ph.Ds using TRIUMF beams

'''1978''' – Neutron activation analysis started, AECL/Nordion agreement for medical isotope production, first production of Iodine-123 on Beamline 4A for distribution in Canada

'''1979''' – First new pion/muon beamline M13, pion cancer therapy program initiated

'''1980''' – PET camera construction begins (2nd in Canada), TPC built to study rare decas (1st used in an experiment)

'''1981''' – KAON Factory studies initiated, Erich Vogt becomes director of TRIUMF

'''1982''' – Isotope pipeline to UBC hospital installed, completion of n-p and p-p program, AECL Commercial Products ships first isotopes from TRIUMF

'''1983''' – PET dedicated by the Queen, first commercial cyclotron on site, first isotope separation on-line (ISOL) study

'''1985''' – First purpose-built surface muon channel, NSERC funds HERA beamline at the DESY Lab in Germany

'''1986''' – Contribution to 50 MeV beamline to HERA on behalf of Canada

'''1987''' – Yamasaki awarded Imperial Medal (μSR cited), TISOL facility produces first radioactive beam,
University of Manitoba and Université de Montréal become associate members, TRIUMF becomes Canada's national meson facility

'''1988''' – EBCO makes first 30 MeV medical cyclotron, KAON Factory project-definition study funded, University of Toronto becomes an associate member

'''1989''' – NRC adds Tech Transfer to TRIUMF mandate, University of Regina becomes an associate member

'''1990''' – TR-30 installed, ISACI(isotope accelerator) design begins

'''1991''' – [[Fullerene|Buckyballs]] studied by μSR, Second arm spectrometer SASP completed

'''1992''' – Rob Kiefl wins Herzberg Medal for MuSR studies, TISOL Red Giant <sup>12</sup>C(α,γ)

'''1993''' – Atom trapping begins at TRIUMF, TR-13 medical cyclotron installed

'''1994''' – Alan Astbury becomes director of TRIUMF, ATLAS and LHC involvement at CERN initiated

'''1995''' – Ocular melanoma treatment begins, TRINAT first traps atoms, HERMES detector components to HERA, commercial radiation effect testing with protons begin

'''1996''' – BaBar central wire chamber construction approved

'''1997''' – ISAC-I civil construction begins, TWIST approved, SNO involvement begins, DRAGON experiment proposed

'''1998''' – First beam from ISAC-I, Carleton University and Queens University become associate members, BaBar central wire chamber delivered, NSERC funds DRAGON

'''1999''' – World's highest proton beam current ISOL (isotope online) facility, lifetime measurements of 37-K at ISAC, TRIUMF becomes Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics

'''2000''' – Carleton University becomes a full member, McMaster University becomes an associate member, ISAC-II approved, ISAC-I accelerates first stable beam, CSI awarded for new [[Positron Emission Tomography|PET]], 8π spectrometer moved to TRIUMF

'''2001''' – ISAC first accelerated rare-isotopes, first ISAC-I PRL, TUDA and DRAGON commissioned

'''2002''' – Initial TIGRESS funding, TITAN development begins

'''2003''' – University of Guelph becomes associate member, ISAC-II building opened, LHC magnets delivered to Geneva, Switzerland, ATLAS Tier-1 first CPUs received

'''2004''' – University of Toronto becomes a full member, Saint Mary's University becomes an associate member, Seaborg Award to Don Fleming for pioneering work in muonium, charge radius of <sup>11</sup>Li measured, T2K collaboration with J-PARC begins, Synergy Award for collaboration between TRIUMF and Nordion

'''2005''' – 100th patient treated for ocular melanoma, TUDA <sup>21</sup>Na(ρ,ρ')<sup>21</sup>Na results published, Jean-Michel Poutissou awarded Legion of Honour (France), first muon decay results from TWIST experiment

'''2006''' – DRAGON <sup>26</sup>Al(ρ,γ)<sup>27</sup>Si results published

'''2007''' – Université de Montréal becomes a full member, Synergy Award for collaboration between TRIUMF and D-PACE, Nigel Lockyer becomes director of TRIUMF, first ISAC-II experiment <sup>11</sup>Li(ρ,t)<sup>9</sup>Li measurement with MAYA, mass measurement of <sup>11</sup>Li (shortest-lived and lightest ion ever measured in Penning trap)

'''2008''' – TUDA measurement of <sup>18</sup>F(ρ,α)<sup>15</sup>O, TRIUMF forms AAPS (Advanced Applied Physics Solutions) with CECR
Research and development partnership with VECC Laboratory, Kolkata, India begins, Mass measurement of <sup>6</sup>He (lightest ever so measured)

'''2009''' – TIGRESS fully operational, new Nordion/TRIUMF radio-chemistry R&D initiative, TWIST obtains final results on muon decay, M9 beam line upgrade completed

'''2010''' – ARIEL (Advanced Rare IsotopE Laboratory) project begins, first actinide target at ISAC

'''2011''' – TRIUMF sets a world record for isotope production<ref>{{cite news|title=TRIUMF SETS A WORLD RECORD FOR ISOTOPE PRODUCTION|url=http://www.exchangemagazine.com/morningpost/2011/week51/Wednesday/122110.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120906022130/http://www.exchangemagazine.com/morningpost/2011/week51/Wednesday/122110.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 6, 2012|publisher=Morning Post|date=December 21, 2011|access-date=2012-01-09}}</ref>

'''2015''' – A TRIUMF-led multidisciplinary consortium is awarded the [[NSERC]] Brockhouse Canada Prize for Interdisciplinary Research in Science and Engineering for their outstanding collaboration in realizing a solution for the safe and reliable production of the critical medical isotope [[technetium-99m]] using cyclotrons.<ref>{{cite news|title=2015 Budget, Chapter 3.1 – Supporting the Manufacturing Sector and Investing in Advanced Research|url=http://www.budget.gc.ca/2015/docs/plan/ch3-1-eng.html|publisher=Government of Canada|access-date=2016-02-14|archive-date=2015-11-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151110042437/http://www.budget.gc.ca/2015/docs/plan/ch3-1-eng.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The consortium includes [[physics]], [[chemistry]], and [[nuclear medicine]] experts from TRIUMF, the [[BC Cancer Agency]], the Centre for Probe Development and Commercialization (CPDC), the [[Lawson Health Research Institute]], and the [[University of British Columbia]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Current Winners|url=http://www.nserc-crsng.gc.ca/Prizes-Prix/Brockhouse-Brockhouse/Profiles-Profils/Schaffer-Schaffer_eng.asp|publisher=NSERC|access-date=2016-02-14}}</ref>

'''2018''' – TRIUMF Celebrates its semicentennial, 50-years of operations, since receiving first funding.

'''2020''' – TRIUMF becomes an incorporated entity. TRIUMF Inc. is a not-for-profit registered charity.