Editing Table grape (section)

==Market characteristics==
Chile, Peru, the United States, China, Turkey, Spain, South Africa and Australia are all major producers and exporters of table grapes.<ref>{{cite book| last1=Creasy| first1=Glenn| title=Grapes| date=2009| publisher=CAB International| location=Oxfordshire| isbn=978-1-84593-401-9| page=225}}</ref> World table grape production in 2016 is estimated by the [[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]] to be in the region of 21.0 million metric tons per annum, China alone accounting for an estimated 9.7 million metric tons of this global total. [[Chile]] remains the world's single largest table grape exporter, exporting over 800,000 metric tons to mainly North American and European markets.<ref>{{cite web| title=Fresh Deciduous Fruit (Apples, Grapes & Pears): World Markets and Trade| url=http://apps.fas.usda.gov/psdonline/circulars/fruit.pdf| website=USDA| publisher=Foreign Agriculture Service| access-date=25 September 2015| archive-date=30 July 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730065130/http://apps.fas.usda.gov/psdonline/circulars/fruit.pdf| url-status=dead}}</ref> China, by way of contrast, exports only 247,000 metric tons per annum mainly to South East Asian markets; a small percentage of overall production.<ref>{{cite web| title=Fresh Deciduous Fruit: World Markets| url=http://apps.fas.usda.gov/psdonline/circulars/fruit.pdf| website=USDA| publisher=United States Department of Agriculture| access-date=5 July 2016| archive-date=30 July 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730065130/http://apps.fas.usda.gov/psdonline/circulars/fruit.pdf| url-status=dead}}</ref>

The global trade in table grapes has enjoyed strong growth since the 1950s. Since the turn of the century table grape export growth has primarily come from the Southern Hemisphere and developing economies such as Chile, India, Peru and Turkey.<ref>{{cite book| last1=Fernandez-Stark| first1=Karina| title=Peru in the Table Grape Global Value Chain| date=2016| publisher=Report commissioned by the World Bank| page=8| url=http://www.cggc.duke.edu/pdfs/2016%20Duke%20CGGC%20Grape%20GVC%20Report%20Peru.pdf| access-date=6 July 2016| archive-date=9 March 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309001546/http://www.cggc.duke.edu/pdfs/2016%20Duke%20CGGC%20Grape%20GVC%20Report%20Peru.pdf| url-status=dead}}</ref>

The international trade in table grapes has significantly benefitted from the increased availability of cold storage and [[refrigerated container]] technology. Table grapes are a labour-intensive agricultural product that require harvesting by hand at peak ripeness. In order to maintain product quality at point of sale, harvested grapes must be sorted, packaged and cooled to near 0&nbsp;°C as quickly as possible. Transportation in ventilated and temperature controlled environments requires significant investment in processing facilities, shipping and logistics. As the production cycle for table grapes is relatively long compared with other fruit, with new plantations taking 2–3 years to become productive, export production and promotion is often concentrated in the hands of large vertically integrated commercial enterprises or producer-exporter associations such as the Fruit Exporters Association of Chile (ASOEX).<ref>{{cite book| last1=Fernandez-Stark| first1=Karina| title=Peru in the Table Grape Global Value Chain| date=2016| publisher=Report commissioned by the World Bank| page=11| url=http://www.cggc.duke.edu/pdfs/2016%20Duke%20CGGC%20Grape%20GVC%20Report%20Peru.pdf| access-date=6 July 2016| archive-date=9 March 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309001546/http://www.cggc.duke.edu/pdfs/2016%20Duke%20CGGC%20Grape%20GVC%20Report%20Peru.pdf| url-status=dead}}</ref>

===North America and Europe===
Table grapes commonly sold in North American and European markets include Sultana (Thompson Seedless), [[Flame grape|Flame]], [[Muscat grape|Muscat]], [[Almeria grape|Almeria]], [[Niagara (grape)|Niagara]] and [[Concord grape|Concord]].

In the United States, [[California]] remains the largest single producer of table grapes with over 85,000 acres under cultivation. According to the USDA over 70 varietals are grown in the state, but the bulk of shipments are limited to a dozen mainly seedless varieties often sold domestically under generic green, red, or black descriptors.<ref>{{cite web| last1=Boyd| first1=Vicky| title=A dozen varieties lead California table grape market| url=http://www.thepacker.com/fruit-vegetable-news/shipping-profiles/A-dozen-varieties-lead-California-table-grape-market-161094205.html| website=The Packer| access-date=5 July 2016}}</ref>

===Japan, Korea and East Asia===
In Japan, Korea and other East Asian markets, as well as supporting a market for imported grapes commonly produced in Australia and Chile, domestically produced table grapes are often grown and sold as premium gift products.

In Japan, [[Kyoho (grape)|Kyoho]], [[Delaware (grape)|Delaware]] and [[Pione (grape)|Pione]] grapes rank as the first, second and third most popular table grapes in terms of production volume.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=Jancis|title=The Oxford Companion to Wine| date=2015| publisher=Oxford University Press| location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-870538-3| page=391| edition=4th}}</ref> In July 2015, setting new pricing records for Japanese premium table grapes, a single bunch of [[Ruby Roman]] grapes, containing 26 grapes at a weight of about 700 grams, sold for 1&nbsp;million yen (around US$8400).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://blogs.wsj.com/japanrealtime/2015/07/09/bunch-of-grapes-sells-for-record-8200| title = Bunch of Grapes Sells for Record $8,200| first = Lisa| last = Du| publisher = Wall Street Journal| date = 9 July 2015| access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref>

In the [[Philippines]], most table grapes in the country are imported, although grapes can be cultivated in the islands. In the [[Ilocos region]], the [[cardinal (grape)|red cardinal]] is the most commonly grown variety.<ref>{{cite news |title=Codex Standard on Table Grapes undergoing Adoption to Philippine National Standard: Field Date Gathering Conducted |url=https://pia.gov.ph/press-releases/releases/1076231 |access-date=26 May 2021 |work=Philippine Information Agency |publisher=Bureau of Agriculture and Fisheries Standards |date=26 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref>