Editing Tadcaster (section)

==History==
===Roman===
[[File:The Calcaria, Westgate, Tadcaster (24th April 2014) 001.JPG|thumb|right|The Calcaria public house, the namesake of [[Calcaria]]]]
{{main|Calcaria}}
The [[Roman Britain|Romans]] built a settlement and named it ''[[Calcaria]]'' from the [[Latin]] word for ''lime'', reflecting the importance of the area's [[limestone]] [[geology]] as a natural resource for [[quarry]]ing, an industry which continues and has contributed to many notable buildings including [[York Minster]]. Calcaria was an important staging post that grew at the crossing of the River Wharfe on the road to [[Eboracum]] ([[York]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=Genuki: TADCASTER: Geographical and Historical information from the year 1834., Yorkshire (West Riding) |url=https://www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/YKS/WRY/Tadcaster/Tadcaster34 |access-date=6 November 2018 |website=Genuki.org.uk}}</ref>

===Anglo-Saxon and medieval===
The suffix of the [[Old English language|Anglo-Saxon]] name Tadcaster is derived from the borrowed [[Latin]] word ''castra'' meaning 'military camp' (the plural of ''castrum'', fort), although the [[Anglo-Saxons|Angles and Saxons]] used the term for any walled Roman settlement. Tadcaster is first mentioned in the ''[[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle]]'', where it appears as ''Táda'', referring to the place where King Harald assembled his army and fleet before entering York and proceeding onwards to the [[Battle of Stamford Bridge]] in 1066. The place-name probably means 'Tata's fort' after an unknown Anglo-Saxon landowner.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ekwall |first1=Eilert |author-link=Eilert Ekwall |title=The concise Oxford dictionary of English place-names |date=1960 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |oclc=1228215388 |page=458 |edition=4}}</ref>

The town is mentioned in the [[Domesday Book]] of 1086 as "Tatecastre". The record reads:
<blockquote>Two Manors. In Tatecastre, Dunstan and Turchil had eight carucates of land for geld, where four ploughs may be. Now, William de Parci has three ploughs and 19 villanes and 11 bordars having four ploughs, and two mills of ten shillings (annual value). Sixteen acres of meadow are there. The whole manors, five quaranteens in length, and five in breadth. In King Edward's time they were worth forty shillings; now one hundred shillings.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Faull |editor1-first=Margaret L. |editor2-last=Stinson |editor2-first=Marie |title=Domesday book. 30: Yorkshire: Pt. 2 / ed. by Margaret L. Faull |date=1986 |publisher=Phillimore |location=Chichester |isbn=0850335310 |page=321b}}</ref></blockquote>

In the 11th century [[Baron Percy|William de Percy]] established a [[motte-and-bailey]] fortress re-using Roman stone.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Emery |first1=Anthony |title=Greater medieval houses of England and Wales, 1300–1500 |date=1996 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=0-521-49723-X |page=270}}</ref> The earthwork remains of this castle, including the [[motte]] (known as Castle Hill) can still be seen adjacent to the parish church and bridge. The castle was abandoned in the early-12th century and was briefly re-fortified with cannon emplacements during the [[First English Civil War|Civil War]]. The street plan south of the site reflects the shape of the former bailey.<ref>{{NHLE|desc=Tadcaster motte and bailey castle |num= 1017407|grade=<!--Not applicable to this entry-->|access-date=23 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Monument Number 54923 |url=https://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=54923&resourceID=19191 |website=heritagegateway.org.uk |access-date=23 May 2023}}</ref>

Before 1186, [[Matilda de Percy]], the wife of [[William de Beaumont, 3rd Earl of Warwick]] gave the hospital here to [[Sawley Abbey]] (now in Lancashire, previously in West Yorkshire).<ref>{{Cite book |editor=[[William Page (historian)|William Page]] |title='Hospitals: Scarborough - Yarm', in A History of the County of York: Volume 3 |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/yorks/vol3/pp330-336 |publisher=Victoria County History / British History Online |year=1974 |pages=330–336 |access-date=26 May 2024}}</ref>

The original river-crossing was probably a [[Ford (crossing)|ford]] near the current bridge, followed by a wooden bridge.{{sfn|Bogg|1904|p=6}} Around 1240, the first stone bridge was constructed, possibly from stone reclaimed from the castle.{{sfn|Speight|1902|p=233}} The current bridge was constructed on the foundations of the original (1699), although it has been substantially modified in 1736 and 1753. Then in 1791, [[John Carr (architect)|John Carr]] built another bridge immediately above the 1699 bridge effectively extending it to twice the width it was before.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jecock |first1=Marcus |last2=Jessop |first2=Lucy |date=2016 |title=Tadcaster Bridge, Tadcaster, North Yorkshire |journal=Research Report Series |location=Swindon |publisher=Historic England |issue=27–2016 |page=2 |issn=2059-4453}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Chrimes |editor1-first=M.&nbsp;M. |title=A biographical dictionary of civil engineers in Great Britain and Ireland |date=2002 |publisher=Thomas Telford |location=London |isbn=0-7277-2939-X |page=118}}</ref> Historically, the Wharfe marked the boundary between the [[West Riding of Yorkshire|West Riding]] and the [[Ainsty of York]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Genuki: TADCASTER: Geographical and Historical information from the year 1890., Yorkshire (Ainsty) |url=https://www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/YKS/ARY/Tadcaster/Tadcaster90 |website=www.genuki.org.uk |access-date=23 May 2023}}</ref>

===Civil War===
During the [[English Civil War]], on the morning of Tuesday 7 December 1642 the [[Battle of Tadcaster]], a [[Skirmisher|skirmish]], between [[Sir Thomas Fairfax]]'s [[Roundhead|Parliamentarian]] forces and [[Thomas Glemham|Sir Thomas Glemham's]] [[Cavalier|Royalist]] army took place on and around [[Tadcaster Bridge]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hughes |first1=William |title=The geography of British history |date=1866 |publisher=Longman Green & Co |location=London |page=369|oclc=83797018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Shute |first1=Joe |title=Weather Watch |work=The Daily Telegraph |issue=49,954 |date=2 January 2016 |page=29 |quote=At the beginning of the English Civil War in 1642, Lord Fairfax commanded over 900 Parliamentarian troops across Tadcaster Bridge to occupy the Yorkshire town and make it his base.|issn=0307-1235}}</ref>

===Market===
A market has been held since 1270, when [[Baron Percy|Henry de Percy]] obtained a royal charter from [[Henry III of England|King Henry III]] to hold "a market and fair at his manor of Tadcaster".{{sfn|Speight|1902|p=243}} The ancient market place is at the junction of Kirkgate and Bridge Street. A stone base, believed to have been part of the original market cross, stood on Westgate where the Tadcaster War Memorial now stands.{{sfn|Chrystal|2017|p=33}} The present-day market is held on Thursdays in the car park of Tadcaster Social Club on St Josephs Street.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tadcaster Market - Tadcaster Town Council |url=http://www.tadcastertowncouncil.gov.uk/Tadcaster_Market_24742.aspx |website=tadcastertowncouncil.gov.uk |access-date=23 May 2023}}</ref>