Editing Taglish (section)

==Description==
Taglish is very widespread in the Philippines and has become the de facto [[lingua franca]] among the urbanized and/or educated [[middle class]]. It is largely considered the "normal acceptable conversation style of speaking and writing" in informal settings. It is so widespread that a non-native speaker can be identified easily because they predominantly speak Tagalog, whereas a native speaker would switch freely with English.<ref name="Bautista2004"/><ref name="Goulet">{{cite journal |last1=Goulet |first1=Rosalina Morales |title=English, Spanish, and Tagalog; a study of grammatical, lexical, and cultural interference |journal=Philippine Journal of Linguistics |date=1971 |issue=Special Monograph Issue № 1}}</ref><ref name="lesada">{{cite thesis |last=Lesada |first=Joseph D. |date=2017 |title=Taglish in Metro Manila: An Analysis of Tagalog-English Code-Switching |type=BA |publisher= University of Michigan |url= https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/139623/jlesada.pdf|access-date=October 31, 2021}}</ref>

According to the linguist Maria Lourdes S. Bautista, there are two contrasting types of code-switching in the Philippines: deficiency-driven and proficiency-driven. Deficiency-driven code-switching occurs when those who are not competent in one language must thus switch back to the language that is more familiar. That is common among younger children, as in the example below given by Bautista:<ref name="Bautista2004"/><ref name="lesada"/>

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 (English is in ''italic''; Tagalog is in '''boldface'''.)
 
 {{Smallcaps|Mother}}:   ''Francis, why don't you play the piano for your grandmother?''
 
 {{Smallcaps|Francis}}:   ''Mommy, I don't want to. It's so'' '''hirap eh.''' ([in Tagalog] "Because it's so difficult.")
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Proficiency-driven code-switching, on the other hand, occurs when a person is fully competent in both languages being used and can switch between them easily. That is the main type of code-switching in the islands. This example is given by Bautista, taken from an interview with the [[television journalist]] [[Jessica Soho]]:<ref name="lesada"/>

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 '''Sa''' GMA '''’yung''' ''objectivity has become part'' '''na''' ''of the culture'' ([in Tagalog] "At GMA, objectivity has already become part of the culture.") ''I can tell you with a straight face'' '''na wala kaming age-'''''agenda'' ([in Tagalog] "...that we have nothing like an agenda") – ''you know, make this person look good and that person look bad. It's really plain and simple journalism.'' '''Kung mayroon kang binira, kunin mo ’yung kabilang''' ''side'' ([in Tagalog] "If you attacked somebody, then get the other side") ''so that both sides are fairly presented.''

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Proficiency-driven code-switching is characterized by frequent switching of the Matrix Language (ML) between Tagalog and English, demonstrating the high proficiency of the speakers in both languages. There are also a wide range of strategies involved, including: the formation of bilingual verbs by the addition of prefixes, suffixes, and infixes (e.g. '''Nagse-'''''sweat'' '''ako''' = "I was sweating"); switching at the morphological, word, phrasal, or clausal levels; and the use of system morphemes (like [[enclitic]]s, [[Conjunction (grammar)|conjunction]]s, etc.) within long stretches of ML content; and even the inversion of the [[verb–subject–object]] word order of Tagalog into the [[subject-verb-object]] order of English.<ref name="lesada"/>

According to Bautista, the reason for this type of code-switching is what she termed "communicative efficiency" in which a speaker can "convey meaning using the most accurate, expressive, or succinct lexical items available to them."<ref name="Bautista2004">{{cite journal |last1=Bautista |first1=Maria Lourdes S. |title=Tagalog-English Code-switching as a Mode of Discourse |journal=Asia Pacific Education Review |date=2004 |volume=5 |pages=226–233|issue=2|doi=10.1007/BF03024960 |s2cid=145684166 |url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ720543.pdf}}</ref><ref name="lesada"/> The linguist Rosalina Morales Goulet also enumerated several reasons for this type of code-switching. They are: "for precision, for transition, for comic effect, for atmosphere, to bridge or create social distance, for snob appeal, and for secrecy."<ref name="Goulet"/>