Editing Taiwan (section)

==Etymology==

===Names for the island===
In his ''[[Daoyi Zhilüe]]'' (1349), [[Wang Dayuan]] used "[[Liuqiu (medieval)|Liuqiu]]" as a name for the island, or the part of it closest to [[Penghu]].{{sfnp|Thompson|1964|p=166}} Elsewhere, the name was used for the [[Ryukyu Islands]] in general or [[Okinawa Island|Okinawa]] specifically; the name ''Ryūkyū'' is the Japanese form of ''Liúqiú''. The name also appears in the ''[[Book of Sui]]'' (636) and other early works, but scholars cannot agree on whether these references are to the Ryukyus, Taiwan or even [[Luzon]].{{sfnp|Thompson|1964|p=163}}

The name Formosa ({{lang|zh-hant|[[:wikt:福爾摩沙|福爾摩沙]]}}) dates from 1542, when Portuguese sailors noted it on their [[Portolan chart|maps]] as ''Ilha Formosa'' ([[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] for "''beautiful island''").<ref name="yb:history">{{cite book |chapter=Chapter 3: History |chapter-url=http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/yearbook/docs/ch03.pdf |title=The Republic of China Yearbook 2011 |year=2011 |publisher=Government Information Office, Republic of China (Taiwan) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514004941/http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/yearbook/docs/ch03.pdf |archive-date=14 May 2012 |page=46}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ilha Formosa: the Emergence of Taiwan on the World Scene in the 17th Century |url=https://www.npm.gov.tw/exhbition/formosa/english/02.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414002106/http://www.npm.gov.tw/exhbition/formosa/english/02.htm |archive-date=14 April 2018 |access-date=12 April 2018 |website=[[National Palace Museum]]}}</ref> The name ''Formosa'' eventually "replaced all others in European literature"{{sfnp|Davidson|1903|p=10|ps=: "A Dutch navigating officer named [[Jan Huyghen van Linschoten|{{sic|Linsc|hotten|nolink=y}}]], employed by the Portuguese, so recorded the island in his charts, and eventually the name of Formosa, so euphonious and yet appropriate, replaced all others in European literature."}} and remained in common use among English speakers into the 20th century.<ref>see for example:
* {{cite book |title=Sketches from Formosa |year=1915 |last=Campbell |first=William |author-link=William Campbell (missionary) |publisher=Marshall Brothers |url=https://archive.org/stream/sketchesfromtaiw00camprich#page/278/mode/2up |ol=7051071M }}
* {{harvp|Campbell|1903}}
* {{harvp|Davidson|1903}}</ref>

In 1603, a Chinese expedition fleet anchored at a place in Taiwan called Dayuan, a variant of "Taiwan".{{sfn|Thompson|1964|p=178}}<ref name="chendi">{{cite journal|last=Jenco|first=Leigh K.|year=2020|title=Chen Di's Record of Formosa (1603) and an Alternative Chinese Imaginary of Otherness|journal=The Historical Journal|volume=64|pages=17–42|doi=10.1017/S0018246X1900061X|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tm.ncl.edu.tw/article?u=007_103_000069&lang=chn|title=閩海贈言|website=National Central Library|language=zh|pages=21–29|access-date=7 January 2023|archive-date=28 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328161738/https://tm.ncl.edu.tw/article?u=007_103_000069&lang=chn|url-status=live}}</ref> In the early 17th century, the [[Dutch East India Company]] established a commercial post at [[Fort Zeelandia (Taiwan)|Fort Zeelandia]] (modern-day [[Anping District|Anping]]) on a coastal sandbar called "Tayouan",{{sfnp|Valentijn|1903|p=52}} after their [[ethnonym]] for a nearby [[Taiwanese indigenous peoples|Taiwanese aboriginal]] tribe, possibly [[Taivoan people]].<ref name="Mair">{{cite web |last=Mair |first=Victor H. |author-link=Victor H. Mair |date=2003 |title=How to Forget Your Mother Tongue and Remember Your National Language |url=http://pinyin.info/readings/mair/taiwanese.html |website=Pīnyīn.info |quote=The true derivation of the name "Taiwan" is actually from the ethnonym of a tribe in the southwest part of the island in the area around Ping'an. As early as 1636, a Dutch missionary referred to this group as Taiouwang. From the name of the tribe, the Portuguese called the area around Ping'an as Tayowan, Taiyowan, Tyovon, Teijoan, Toyouan, and so forth. Indeed, already in his ship's log of 1622, the Dutchman Cornelis Reijersen referred to the area as Teijoan and Taiyowan. |access-date=5 April 2018 |archive-date=13 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213183153/http://pinyin.info/readings/mair/taiwanese.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Use of the current Chinese name ({{lang|zh-hant|{{linktext|臺灣}} / {{linktext|台灣}}}}) became official as early as 1684 during the [[Qing dynasty]] with the establishment of [[Taiwan Prefecture]] centered in modern-day [[Tainan]]. Through its rapid development the entire Taiwanese mainland eventually became known as "Taiwan".<ref name="蔡玉仙等編">{{cite book |script-title=zh:府城文史 | editor=蔡玉仙 |display-editors=etal |year=2007 |publisher=[[Tainan City Government]] |language=zh |isbn=978-986-00-9434-3}}</ref><ref name="石守謙主編">{{cite book |editor=Shih Shou-chien |editor-link=Shih Shou-chien |year=2003 |trans-title = Ilha Formosa: the Emergence of Taiwan on the World Scene in the 17th Century |script-title=zh:福爾摩沙 : 十七世紀的臺灣、荷蘭與東亞 |language=zh |publisher = National Palace Museum |place=Taipei |isbn=978-957-562-441-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Kato |first=Mitsutaka |orig-date=1940 |year=2007 |script-title =zh:昨日府城 明星台南: 發現日治下的老臺南 |language=zh |translator=黃秉珩 |publisher=臺南市文化資產保護協會 |isbn=978-957-28079-9-6}}</ref><ref name="Oosterhoff">{{cite book |title=Colonial Cities: Essays on Urbanism in a Colonial Context |editor1-first=Robert |editor1-last=Ross |editor2-first=Gerard J. |editor2-last=Telkamp |chapter=Zeelandia, a Dutch colonial city on Formosa (1624–1662) |first=J.L. |last=Oosterhoff |pages=51–62 |publisher=Springer |year=1985 |isbn=978-90-247-2635-6}}</ref>

===Names of the country and jurisdiction===
{{See also|Chinese Taipei|Names of China|China and the United Nations}}

The official name of the country in English is the "Republic of China". Shortly after the ROC's establishment in 1912, while it was still located on the Chinese mainland, the government used the short form "China" (''{{lang|zh-Latn-TW|Zhōngguó}}'', {{lang|zh-Hant-TW|{{linktext|中國}}}}) to refer to itself, derived from {{lang|zh-latn-pinyin|zhōng}} ("central" or "middle") and {{lang|zh-latn-pinyin|guó}} ("state, nation-state").{{efn|Although this is the present meaning of {{lang|zh-latn-pinyin|guó}}, in [[Old Chinese]] (when its pronunciation was something like {{nowrap|/*qʷˤək/}})<ref name=bs>[[Reconstructions of Old Chinese|Baxter-Sagart]].</ref> it meant the walled city of the Chinese and the areas they could control from them.<ref name=wilx/>}} The term developed under the [[Zhou dynasty]] in reference to its [[demesne|royal demesne]],{{efn|Its use is attested from the sixth-century [[Classic of History]], which states "[[Tian (god)|Huangtian]] bestowed the lands and the peoples of the central state to the ancestors" ({{lang|zh|皇天既付中國民越厥疆土于先王}}).<ref>{{lang|zh|[[:s:zh:尚書|《尚書》]], [[:s:zh:尚書/梓材|梓材]].}} {{in lang|zh}}</ref>}} and was then applied to the area around Luoyi (present-day [[Luoyang]]) during the [[Eastern Zhou]] and later to China's [[Central Plain (China)|Central Plain]], before being used as an occasional synonym for the state during the Qing era.<ref name=wilx>{{citation |last=Wilkinson |first=Endymion |title=Chinese History: A Manual |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ERnrQq0bsPYC |year=2000 |publisher=Harvard University Asia Center |series=Harvard-Yenching Institute Monograph No. 52 |page=[{{GBurl|id=ERnrQq0bsPYC|p=132}} 132] |isbn=978-0-674-00249-4 |access-date=25 July 2023 |archive-date=4 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404183907/https://books.google.com/books?id=ERnrQq0bsPYC |url-status=live }}</ref> The name of the republic had stemmed from the party manifesto of the [[Tongmenghui]] in 1905, which says the four goals of the Chinese revolution was "to expel the [[Manchu people|Manchu]] rulers, to revive [[Names of China#Zhongguo|''Chunghwa'']], to establish a Republic, and to distribute land equally among the people."{{efn native lang|tw|t=驅除韃虜, 恢復中華, 創立民國, 平均地權|p=Qūchú dálǔ, huīfù Zhōnghuá, chuànglì mínguó, píngjūn dì quán}} Revolutionary leader [[Sun Yat-sen]] proposed the name ''Chunghwa Minkuo'' as the assumed name of the new country when the revolution succeeded.

During the 1950s and 1960s, after the ROC government had withdrawn to Taiwan, it was commonly referred to as "Nationalist China" (or "[[Free area of the Republic of China|Free China]]") to differentiate it from "communist China" (or "[[China|Red China]]").<ref>{{Cite book|last=Garver|first=John W. |title=The Sino-American Alliance: Nationalist China and American Cold War Strategy in Asia|publisher=M.E. Sharp|date=April 1997|isbn=978-0-7656-0025-7}}</ref> Over subsequent decades, the Republic of China has become commonly known as "Taiwan", after the main island. To avoid confusion, the ROC government in Taiwan began to put "Taiwan" next to its official name in 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |last=BBC 中文網 |date=29 August 2005 |title=論壇：台總統府網頁加注"台灣" |trans-title=Forum: Adding "Taiwan" to the website of Taiwan's Presidential Office |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/chinese/trad/hi/newsid_4730000/newsid_4730400/4730413.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612230950/http://news.bbc.co.uk/chinese/trad/hi/newsid_4730000/newsid_4730400/4730413.stm |archive-date=12 June 2018 |access-date=12 March 2007 |publisher=BBC 中文網 |language=zh-hant |quote=台總統府公共事務室陳文宗上周六（7月30日）表示，外界人士易把中華民國（Republic of China），誤認為對岸的中國，造成困擾和不便。公共事務室指出，為了明確區別，決定自周六起於中文繁體、简化字的總統府網站中，在「中華民國」之後，以括弧加注「臺灣」。[Chen Wen-tsong, Public Affairs Office of Taiwan's Presidential Office, stated last Saturday (30 July) that outsiders tend to mistake the Chung-hua Min-kuo (Republic of China) for China on the other side, causing trouble and inconvenience. The Public Affairs Office pointed out that in order to clarify the distinction, it was decided to add "Taiwan" in brackets after "Republic of China" on the website of the Presidential Palace in traditional and simplified Chinese starting from Saturday.]}}</ref> In ROC government publications, the name is written as "Republic of China (Taiwan)", "Republic of China/Taiwan", or sometimes "Taiwan (ROC)".<ref>{{cite web |title=Office of President of the Republic of China (Taiwan) |url=http://english.president.gov.tw/ |access-date=15 July 2015 |website=Office of President of the Republic of China (Taiwan) |archive-date=26 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726050450/http://english.president.gov.tw/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=About Taiwan |url=https://www.taiwan.gov.tw/about.php |access-date=16 June 2020 |website=Taiwan.gov.tw |archive-date=17 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117020655/https://www.taiwan.gov.tw/about.php |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=President Tsai interviewed by BBC |url=https://english.president.gov.tw/News/5962 |access-date=16 June 2020 |work=Office of the President of the Republic of China (Taiwan) |date=18 January 2020 |quote=Well, the idea is that we don't have a need to declare ourselves an independent state. We are an independent country already and we call ourselves the Republic of China (Taiwan)}}</ref>

"Taiwan Area" was defined to mean the island of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu, and other territory under ROC's effective control,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-08 |title=Act Governing Relations between the People of the Taiwan Area and the Mainland Area |url=https://law.moj.gov.tw/ENG/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=Q0010001 |website=R.O.C LAWS & REGULATIONS DATABASE, MINISTRY OF JUSTICE |access-date=19 July 2024 |archive-date=27 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190127035511/https://law.moj.gov.tw/ENG/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=Q0010001 |url-status=live }}</ref> in contrast to "Mainland Area" which refers to ROC territory outside the Taiwan Area and under Chinese Communist control.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-05-30 |title=Enforcement Rules for the Act Governing Relations between Peoples of the Taiwan Area and the Mainland Area |url=https://law.moj.gov.tw/ENG/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=Q0010002 |website=R.O.C LAWS & REGULATIONS DATABASE, MINISTRY OF JUSTICE |access-date=19 July 2024 |archive-date=11 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711153407/https://law.moj.gov.tw/Eng/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?PCode=Q0010002 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Republic of China participates in most international forums and organizations under the name "[[Chinese Taipei]]" as a compromise with the People's Republic of China (PRC). For instance, it is the name under which it has participated in the [[Olympic Games]] as well as the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation|APEC]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/no-need-avoid-xi-apec-taiwan-envoy-says-after-rare-encounter-2022-11-21/|title=No need to avoid Xi at APEC, Taiwan envoy says after rare encounter|work=Reuters|date=21 November 2022}}</ref> "Taiwan authorities" is sometimes used by the PRC to refer to the government in Taiwan.<ref name="PRCNorway"/>