Editing Tank Stream (section)

== History ==
The history of the Tank Stream incorporates aboriginal use of the land; the history of European settlement; the natural forming stream as a water supply; and its later use for waste disposal and as a part of the stormwater system. The Gadigal (or [[Cadigal]]) people were the Aboriginal group most commonly accepted to have lived around the [[Sydney Cove]] area prior to European arrival. The catchment area around Tank Stream provided "a range of environments- marine, estuarine, rock platform, creek, open forest, wetland" all located within a short distance and able to provide a range of food and material. Excavations around Tank Stream have uncovered [[Indigenous Australians|aboriginal]] flake stone artifacts made from water-worn pebbles. The stream is thought to have given the Aboriginal people fresh water, fish and other resources.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.creativespirits.info/oznsw/sydney/sitescbd/tankstream.html |title=Sydney (NSW) - Aboriginal sites (CBD): Tank Stream |author=Korff, Jens |access-date=7 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327201428/http://www.creativespirits.info/oznsw/sydney/sitescbd/tankstream.html |archive-date=27 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Aboriginal Sydney : a guide to important places of the past and present|last=Studies.|first=Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander|date=2001-01-01|publisher=Aboriginal Studies Press|isbn=0855753706|pages=3|oclc=47152902}}</ref>

Although it was unable to consistently provide water in dry weather, the stream also played a role in dividing the settlement, with the eastern side being held for government and administrative functions and convicts living on the western side. The area was chosen by the commander of the [[First Fleet]], [[Captain (Royal Navy)|Captain]] [[Arthur Phillip]], [[Royal Navy|R.N.]], in 1788 as the location for the New South Wales colony for similar reasons. The colony had originally been planned for [[Botany Bay]], on the recommendation of [[Sir Joseph Banks]] who had visited the area with [[Captain James Cook]] 17 years earlier, but when no fresh water was found there, Phillip sought a better site, and found it in the previously unvisited Port Jackson. Sydney Cove was chosen for settlement as it "was at the head of the cove, near the run of fresh water which stole silently along through a very thick wood".<ref>{{cite book |first=David |last=Collins |title=Account of the English Colony of New South Wales |year=1802 }}</ref> On 26 January 1788 the new colony was inaugurated.<ref name=nswshr-636/> In 1790 Tanks were cut into the bedrock of the stream (hence the name), the number of tanks is believed to be three or four, and are thought to have held 20,000 litres and been 5m deep.<ref name=nswshr-636/>

As early as 1791 Governor Phillip enclosed Tank Stream with a fence in an attempt to prevent stock muddying the water; and later, trenches were cut alongside the stream in an attempt to catch runoff before it could enter the stream. Yet due to the increasing population; number of buildings around the stream and the loss of trees as land was cleared, runoff increased, which included human and animal wastes and domestic products. In 1795 orders were made to prevent the grazing of stock or cutting of trees within a 15m distance of the stream. These measures were ultimately unsuccessful.<ref name=nswshr-636/><ref>Sydney Water, 2003, p. 24-25.</ref> In 1792 a stone arch bridge over Tank Stream was constructed, replacing existing wooden structures. Its foundations may survive within the streambed under modern [[Bridge Street, Sydney|Bridge Street]].<ref name=nswshr-636/>

The Tank Stream rose in marshy ground roughly bounded by what is now [[Elizabeth Street, Sydney|Elizabeth]], [[Market Street, Sydney|Market]], Pitt and [[Park Street, Sydney|Park]] Streets. It filtered through the soil between Pitt and [[George Street, Sydney|George]] Streets before forming a definite channel near [[King Street, Sydney|King Street]] and flowing to Sydney Cove.<ref name="aird">{{cite book |title=The Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage of Sydney |first=W. V. |last=Aird |year=1961 |publisher=[[Sydney Water|M.W.S.&D.B.]]}}</ref>{{rp|page=1}} Tank Stream was the main source of fresh water until the completion of [[Busby's Bore]] in 1837.<ref>Sydney Water, 2003, p. 24</ref> Other dams were later added within the catchment area of Lachlan Swamps; now located within [[Centennial Park, New South Wales|Centennial Park]]. Yet by 1826 Tank Stream had become an unofficial sewer, it became an official sewer in 1857. This (and other) sewers discharged directly into the harbour; a situation that created discontent as social attitudes changed.<ref name=nswshr-636/> The form of the open channels was generally a convict period shallow V profile which assisted in improving the flow of the stream; in the late 1850s work commenced in covering the Bridge Street- [[Hunter Street, Sydney|Hunter Street]] section of Tank Stream. This was necessary to reduce smells. The form of the channel was a mixture of stone and brick in the lower half, with a sandstone arch roof. Later sections were also roofed, generally with an arch to oviform. Prior to 1888 Tank Stream also carried salt water, stored in council reservoirs for the purpose of street cleaning and dust suppression. Salt water was used to minimise the use of fresh water supplies.<ref name=nswshr-636/>

During a drought in 1790 three storage tanks were constructed in the sandstone beside the Tank Stream and it is from these that the stream gets its name.<ref name=CoS>{{cite web |title=The Tank Stream |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/history/waterexhibition/WaterSupplySewerage/TheTankStream.html |publisher=City of Sydney |access-date=20 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070906031505/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/history/waterexhibition/WaterSupplySewerage/TheTankStream.html |archive-date=6 September 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref> One of these was at the present intersection of Pitt and [[Spring Street, Sydney|Spring]] Streets and the other two in [[Bond Street, Sydney|Bond Street]] on the opposite side of the stream.<ref name="aird" />{{rp|page=2}} The Tank Stream could not meet the needs of the growing colony and, despite efforts by successive Governors, it became increasingly polluted by runoff from the settlement.<ref name="aird" />{{rp|page=2}} It was finally abandoned in 1826, though it had been little more than an open sewer for the preceding decade.<ref name="aird" />{{rp|page=3}} Sydney's next supply of water was [[Busby's Bore]], in 1830.<ref name="aird" />{{rp|pages=5–8}}

In 1850 the swamp feeding the Tank Stream was drained.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18504552 |title=Tank Stream Is Now Drain |newspaper=[[The Sunday Herald (Sydney)]] |issue=207 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=11 January 1953 |access-date=12 April 2019 |page=10 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Starting in 1860, the Tank Stream was progressively covered and is now a storm water channel which is controlled by [[Sydney Water]]. In 2007 there were calls from some to see it run above ground again to create a central feature in the city.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Tank Stream dreaming |first=Deborah |last=Cameron |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=14 November 2007 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/tank-stream-dreaming/2007/11/13/1194766675287.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap1 |access-date=20 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080316013549/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/tank-stream-dreaming/2007/11/13/1194766675287.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap1 |archive-date=16 March 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Over the past century, Tank Stream has remained a part of the stormwater channel within the Sydney system. Changes to the channel have been largely restricted to replacing sections with modern pipe. This has destroyed a number of sections of the channel and is largely tied to post-World War II redevelopment where little regard was paid to the historic value of the Tank Stream. Redevelopment of the [[General Post Office, Sydney|GPO]] site allowed further investigation of Tank Stream and has provided information on the building development of Tank Stream over time. Brick drains, possibly dated pre 1820, were found. A further search revealed soil from the original Tank Stream bed.<ref name=nswshr-636-636-1>Sydney Water, 2003</ref><ref name=nswshr-636/>