Editing Taraz (section)

==History==

===Overview===
Numerous archaeological finds and monuments in the foothills of Karatau and in Talas-Assin oasis show the antiquity of settlements in the [[Talas River]] valley, supporting Taraz's claim to being the most ancient city in Kazakhstan. The history of the city is composed of several historical periods, interrupted by destruction and depopulation. The first reference historically recorded city linked with Taraz and the basis for the claim of 2000-year-old history is the fortress of [[Battle of Zhizhi|Zhizhi]] that briefly existed at the site of modern-day Taraz in the 1st century BCE.{{citation needed|date=February 2015}} A city known as "Taraz" (or "Talas"{{citation needed|date=February 2015}}) is then recorded in the 6th century CE<ref name="Pospelov">Pospelov, p.&nbsp;29</ref> (568 CE{{citation needed|date=February 2015}}) and is known to have existed until its decline in the 13th century.<ref name="Pospelov" /> The third historical period begins with the establishment of a [[Khanate of Kokand|Kokand]] fortress at the end of the 18th century, which in 1864 was named '''Auliye-Ata''' (from the [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]] words meaning ''saint'' and ''father'').<ref name="Pospelov" /> In 1936, the city was renamed '''Mirzoyan''' (Russian: {{lang|ru|Мирзоя́н}}), after [[Levon Mirzoyan]].<ref name="Pospelov" /> After Mirzoyan's arrest in 1938, the city was renamed to '''Dzhambul''' (Russian: {{lang|ru|Джамбу́л}}), after the Kazakh traditional folksinger [[Jambyl Jabayev]] (''Dzhambul Dzhabayev'').<ref name="Pospelov" /> In 1993, the spelling of the name of the city was officially changed to '''Jambyl'''/'''Dzhambyl''' (Kazakh: {{lang|kk|Жамбыл}}, ''Jambyl''), and in 1997 the city was renamed Taraz.<ref name="e-Taraz">{{cite web|title=e-Taraz|url=http://www.e-taraz.kz/index.php?action=contents&page=8&lan=rus}}</ref>

The city started to assume its present form when Colonel Chernyev's detachment took over the Aulie Ata fortress and annexed it to the Russian Empire, starting in 1864. Taraz was greatly improved by the Semirechensky railway that passed through the town in 1917.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Taraz|url=https://samarkandtours.com/kazakhstan/taraz/|access-date=April 14, 2021}}</ref>

===Antiquity===
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2023}}
The discovery of [[chest]] ornaments, [[bronze]] statues of kings and remnants of [[ceramic]] products in separate parts of the Talas river valley are the evidence of the existence of the life in Taraz region in the bronze epoch. According to the archaeological excavation and available written sources, tribal unions of Saka Scythians had been formed in this territory by the 7th-8th centuries B.C.

[[Hanshu]], 70 from 1st-century, talk about the fortress constructed on Talas River by [[Zhizhi Chanyu]], a prince of [[Hun]] (Ch. [[Xiongnu]], [[Hsiung-nu]], etc.). The fortress is believed to have been at the site of modern Taraz.

===Medieval Taraz===

====Early references====
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2023}}
However, scarcity of information, inaccuracy of descriptions, and weakness of geography made it impossible to know the location until 1936. Professor [[Wilhelm Barthold]]'s research established that the location of ancient Taraz was under the Green Bazaar. Further research and archaeological excavations, which were made by an expedition of The USSR Academy of Science in 1938 under the supervision of A. Bernshtam and G. Patsevich to the depth 2–6 meters, made it possible to reconstruct the appearance and cultural–economic importance of ancient Taraz. The latest archaeological data have considerably expanded ideas about Taraz.

At that time the Great [[Silk Road]] ran across Southern Kazakhstan. It played a major role in trade and cultural exchange between China, India, [[Byzantium]], and [[Persia]]. Taraz developed as a fortified tradecraft city on this massive transcontinental artery. Comparatively gentle [[climate]], [[fertile soil]] and rich pastures attracted many stock-breeders and farmers. In the 60-s of the 6th century, the territory of the [[First Turkic Kaganate]] section included Taraz. The [[Sogdiana|Sogdian]] merchants, who controlled the Central Asian section of the caravan route, were interested in easier access to [[Byzantium]] and initiated trade negotiations first with the [[Persia]]ns, and then with Byzantium. In response, Byzantium sent ambassadors to the [[Turkic Kaganate]], and in the 568 the embassy led by Zemarchus and Maniach to the [[Muhan Khan]] arrived in Taraz at the court of Istemi [[Yabgu]]. The Persian ambassador also appeared at the court of the Turkic Kagan at the same time, but [[Istemi]] [[Yabgu]] allied with Byzantium.

Unfortunately, it is not illustrated in the written sources of that time what Taraz looked like but it is said to have been a big city. The Chinese pilgrim Xuanzang, who passed through Taraz in 630 came to the Ta-lo-se and noticed that the perimeter of the wall is 8 to 9 ''li''(according to the Chinese measures one tang li is about 453 meters) in this city alternately. Due to written sources and archaeological investigation, it is known from the 1st BC to 5th AD [[Kangui]] (Kanglu) tribes lived in the Talas River Valley. Similarity between the excavated materials of Taraz and the Kurgans of the [[Gynskyi]] and [[Usunskyi]]-[[Kanguiskyi]] tribes show the introduction of Turkic language. Taraz was joined to the Western Turk Khanate. It felt, like other cities of the region, the influence of Sogdian culture.

Written sources of Paleo-Anthropological material collected from Kurgans in Southern Kazakhstan show the existence of close ties between Taraz and the [[Kypchaks]], [[Karluks|Qarluq]] populations of nearby valleys. As a result of an internecine struggle amongst Turkish tribal leaders at the beginning of the 8th century the Turkish tribe in the Ili River Valley was divided into two branches: Yellow and Black. The black (kara) Turkish owned the Talas River Valley and made Taraz their capital in the middle of the 7th century. In 751 in the Talas River region, upstream from the modern city of Taraz, an army comprising Tang Dynasty troops from China and Kara Turkish mercenaries fought an army from the Abbasid Caliphate. Despite winning the battle, the Caliphate forces withdrew from the region. In 766 the Kara-Turkish tribes were defeated by Qarlugs from the northwest. Later, nearly all the tribes of the former Western Turk Khanate were conquered.

The development of Taraz as a city arose as the result of the development and strengthening of political and economic ties linked to trade along the Silk Road. As a major halt, it flourished amidst a comparatively gentle [[climate]], [[fertile soil]] and rich pastures, which attracted many stockbreeders and farmers. The struggle between Persia and Byzantium for control of the route forced both sides to look for allies. Byzantium sent ambassadors to the Western Turk Khanate, and Zemarkha Kililyskyi arrived in Taraz in 568. Simultaneously the Persians sent their ambassador to the Turks, but Istemi Khan was on the side of Byzantium.

====Islamic and Persian period====
[[File:Aisha bibi.png|thumb|The partially restored mausoleum of [[Ayshah Bibi]] near Taraz]]

This is the site of the "[[Battle of Talas]]"—first and the last military face-off between the Muslim Arab forces and the Chinese imperial troops in AD 750–51. After the [[Muslim conquest of Transoxiana|Arab conquest of Central Asia]] in the 7th century and 8th century, the Persian [[Samanids]] occupied a major part of Central Asia in the 9th century. By this time Taraz, developing little by little had been a rich city-state typical of Central Asia with a large population and vast agricultural zone. In the late 9th century the Samanids extended their rule into the Steppes and captured Taraz (893), then one of the headquarters of the Karluk kaghan. A large church was transformed into a mosque, and according to one source, the "Amir of Taraz" embraced Islam.<ref name="sinor">{{citation|last = Golden|first = Peter. B.|chapter = Chapter 13 - The Karakhanids and Early Islam|year = 1990|title = The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia|editor-last = Sinor|editor-first = Denis|pages = 343–370 |publisher = Cambridge University Press|isbn = 0-521-24304-1}}</ref> The Islamization of Central Asia was due in significant part to the activities of the Samanids, and in Taraz, other pre-existing religions such as [[Mazdaism]], [[Christianity]], [[Buddhism]], and [[Tengrism]] were gradually replaced.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}

====The Karakhanids====
The Persian Samanids however were defeated by the Turkic Karakhanids who were a confederation of [[Karluks]], [[Chigils]], [[Yagma|Yaghmas]] and other tribes. The [[Karakhanids]] were the first Turkic groups to have converted to Islam en masse,<ref name="sinor"/> and from the 10th to 12th century Taraz was ruled by the [[Kara-Khanid Khanate]] as a Muslim state. Ancient Taraz reached the climax of its development in 11th-12th century under the Karakhanids. Instead of more or less centralized state like the Samanids, Karakhanid Central Asia was divided into many small fiefdoms or [[appanage]]s. Taraz became an important centre. The political independence of Taraz and autonomy of the circle{{clarify|date=February 2016}} promoted their development. The power of the city under one of the rulers, Tugan-Khan, was so great that he independently waged a military campaign against Samarkand and temporarily captured it.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}} [[Kashgar]] was invaded and it was under the Taraz's power during 15 months. Certainly, this political power was the result of the economic importance of the city. In the [[Karakhanid]] Era the main part of Taraz, the Shahristan and Arg, did not grow beyond their sizes in the previous Qarluq-Samanid Era.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}} The Arg lost its main significance in the city's life. The Shahristan became the heart of the economic and cultural life of the city. It was there that all the military, administrative, cultural and other establishments that governed life in the medieval [[feudal]] city-state took place. At this time in the city and its countryside the [[mausoleums]] of Aisha-Bibi and Karakhan were built. Taraz had an underground water system made of terracotta pipes, paved streets, and sewage collection. Of great interest is the Taraz Banya, which was multiple-domed building built from fired brick. In due course, under the influence of internecine wars the Karakhanids lost their power and at the end of the 12th century the city was taken by the Kara-Khitans. In 1210 Kara-Khitans were defeated by [[Khwarazmshah]] Mohammed.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}

====Mongols====
Karakhanid rule did not last long because in 1220 nearly all Central Asia and the territory of modern Kazakhstan were invaded by Mongols.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}} There were no written documents about Taraz's growth under the Mongols after they razed it to the ground. Remnants of fire found during the excavation show that the city was burnt. Probably the town was renamed as Yany ('New'); while mentioning it, European and Arabic sources write "The city Yany, named Taraz before the conquest." Archaeological finds show that the once-lively city under the Mongolian yoke lost its previous significance and independence. The blooming of settled life in Taraz ended and decline began. Under the Chagatayids (descendants of Chagatai Khan) coins were minted in Taraz until 1334.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}} The Tsareviches, who, as Vasa of 14th century states, "burnt the Golden Horde, destroyed Taraz and other cities, and killed the population. They took everything they could take and burnt the rest. There was a mention of the city again in 1345 in the road guidebook as a city laid on the trade route from [[Transoxiana]]<ref>Arabic for "that which is beyond the river [= the [[Oxus]]]")</ref> to Almalyk." {{ref}}
Steady internecine war in Central Asia interfered with the trade with distant countries, and the opening of the sea route from the Western European countries to India stopped the trade on the ancient silk road and led to the decline of the cities on this road.

====Kazakh rule====
{{unreferenced section|date=May 2023}}
Taraz is mentioned again in 1513 with the coming of the Kazakh tribes. The once famous medieval city and former capital had become a simple settlement, then it was forgotten, as well as its ancient name. By the 16th century the city's territory had been absorbed into the [[Kazakh Khanate]]. The archaeological excavation shows Kazakh nomads were involved in the rebirth of Taraz with cultural links connecting the ancient medieval city with the culture of Kazakh people. The confirmation of it is the names of artificial channels stretched from the city. Under the Kazakh Khans in ancient Taraz there was just a small settlement, the inhabitants of which were engaged in craft, [[agriculture]] and cattle breeding. In 1723 the Talas Valley, as well as the major part of southern Kazakhstan were invaded by [[Dzungars]] who owned it nearly until 1755.

====Qing rule====
After the [[Dzungar people|Dzungars]] were eliminated by [[Qing dynasty|Qing China]] in 1755, their entire territory, including Talas area, was annexed by the Qing, Qing soldiers patrolled the area once a year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.xjass.com/ls/content/2010-04/06/content_142540.htm |title=18世纪中叶至19世纪中叶清代西北边疆的巡边制度和巡边路线 - 新疆哲学社会科学 |access-date=2013-04-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925212622/http://www.xjass.com/ls/content/2010-04/06/content_142540.htm |archive-date=2013-09-25 }}</ref> Kazakh people were expelled from the area if they were captured pasturing inside the area.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.qinghistory.cn/qsyj/ztyj/bjmz/2004-05-18/25182.shtml|title=边疆民族|website=www.qinghistory.cn|access-date=10 October 2018}}</ref>

As a result of the Dzungars' destruction the area became a [[No man's land]], Qing China had to deal with consistent cross-border immigration of Kazakh people. In 1766, the [[Qianlong Emperor]] ordered to accommodate Kazakh people in Talas area within the border and settled them properly.<ref>《清高宗实录》卷759</ref> The area was promptly populated by Kazakhs. In fact, all of [[Xinjiang]] was populated by Kazakhs during the period as the aboriginal western Mongols {{Clarify|date=December 2022|reason=This makes it seem like "Dzungars" is a place instead of a people. |text=of Dzungars }} were eliminated by the Qing in earlier years.

===From Auliye-Ata to Modern Taraz===

====A Kokand fortress====
{{unreferenced section|date=May 2023}}
In the beginning of the 19th century, the upper part of the Talas River Valley was again invaded by newcomers. This time it was the [[Kipchaks|Qipchaq]] soldiers of the [[Khanate of Kokand]]. They built a few small fortresses for guarding the border and the caravan route mainly on the ancient cities ruins. Due to the comparatively advantageous position of the fortress which was built on the ruins of ancient Taraz a new town began quickly to grow around it. At first, it was named Namangan-i Kochek ("little Namangan"), as the first settlements were from the Persian-populated city [[Namangan]], now in [[Uzbekistan]] and uzbekified. In 1856 it was renamed Aulie-Ata, in honor of Karakhan the founder of Karakhanid dynasty. [[Mullah]]s, using a legend about the mausoleum of Karakhan in 12th built a new mausoleum with minarets, which had nothing in common with the older one. This new mausoleum preserved the ancient name, "Aulie-Ata" ("holy father"). The town took the same name. By this time the city had become a considerable trade craft center. Annually, a large spring fair was held there. The products of craftsman and agriculture were changed for the things of cattle-breeders. Large consignments of livestock bought at the fair were sent to [[Tashkent]] and [[Fergana]] through the [[Karrabul Pass]] in the Talas-Alatau. The caravan way passed through the city to the north-through [[Astana|Akmolinsk]] (Astana) and [[Petropavl]]ovsk (Petropavl), to [[Omsk]].

====Russian rule====
In 1864, Aulie-Ata surrendered after a short siege by Russian forces led by General [[Mikhail Grigorievich Cherniaev]]. Soon the line of Russian fortifications across the steppe was connected through [[Chimkent]] with the Syr-Darya line.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}} The whole part of this land was included in the Russian state. A new Russian quarter was added to old Aulie-Ata. Its streets were lined with pyramidal poplars, and new houses were built with brick. By that time there were 2,000-3,000 families with houses, shops, mansions, and small [[adobe]] houses of the poor. At first, it was ruled by a military administration, later in 1867 it became the center of an ''[[Uyezd]]'' occupying nearly all of the territory of the modern [[Jambyl Region]] of Kazakhstan and [[Talas Region]] of [[Kyrgyzstan]].{{citation needed|date=May 2023}} The city continued to play a great role in the livestock trade and in breeding. There appeared some small industrial undertakings, including wine-making. In 1876 the first school of a European type was opened by a Russian priest. At that time there were 11,700 inhabitants in the town – besides Russians and [[Ukrainians]] there were a lot of [[Uzbeks]]; Kazakhs were nearly absent, as they led a nomadic way of life. A full description of the city at the beginning of the 20th century is given in Russian.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}

The population consisted of Russians, Uzbeks and Kazakhs.<ref name="demoscope.ru">{{cite web|url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/emp_lan_97_uezd.php?reg=884|title=Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей.|website=demoscope.ru|access-date=10 October 2018}}</ref>

Ethnic composition of the city according to 1897 census:<ref name="demoscope.ru"/>
*The total - 11,722.
*[[Uzbeks]] - 8,460 (72.1%).
*[[Russians]] (including [[Belarusians]]) - 1,366 (11.6%).
*[[Kazakhs|Kirgiz Kaysak]] - 589 (5%).
*[[Sart]] (Tajik and Uzbek settlers from the [[Zarafshon|Zarafshan]] oases) - 386 (3.2%).
*[[Tatars]] - 266 (2.2%).
*[[Tajik people|Tajik]] ([[Persian language|Persian]] speaking merchants from the [[Fergana]] oases - 379 (3.2%).

===Soviet period===
{{unreferenced section|date=May 2023}}
[[File:Kazakhstan Taraz railway station.jpg|thumb|Taraz railway station was built by the Soviets]]
During the first two decades following the Russian Revolution and the Civil War, Aulie-Ata remained a small town. It was renamed Mirzoyan (Russian: "Мирзоян") in 1936, after [[Levon Mirzoyan]] ([[:ru:Мирзоян, Левон Исаевич|Левон Исаевич Мирзоян]]), an ethnic Armenian [[List of Presidents of Kazakhstan|head of the Communists of Kazakhstan]]. In 1938, after Mirzoyan was executed during [[Stalin]]’s [[Great Purge]] for opposing the mass [[Deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union|deportation of Koreans]] to northern Kazakhstan from the south, the city was renamed '''Dzhambul''' (Russian: "Джамбул", Kazakh: "Жамбыл") after [[Zhambyl Zhabayev]], a Kazakh ''[[akyn]]'' (folk singer). Starting in the 1930s, Dzhambul, along with other places in Kazakhstan, became the destination for large numbers of the deported peoples who were subject to internal [[exile]]. Millions of Volga Germans, Chechens, Ukrainians, Koreans and other ethnic minorities, along with other marginalized subjects (former [[kulak]]s, members of the aristocracy, families of convicted "enemies of the people," etc.) were forced to relocate to Kazakhstan, many of whom settled in Dzhambul. Some were evacuated to Kazakhstan, and to Dzhambul, during [[Great Patriotic War|WWII]] from the areas that were, or were feared to come, under German occupation. The city's population continued to grow throughout the 1960s and 1970s in spite of the end of exiles, due to an industrial spurt the city received during that time. As a result, Dzhambul had a highly diverse population composed of multiple ethnic groups, the largest being the Russians, followed by the Kazakhs. Fast-paced industrialization brought many amenities of modern urban living to the city, previously largely unknown, such as typical Soviet apartment blocks as well as condo-style houses, now all supplied with electricity and running water; roads and public transport; several higher education institutions; large public parks, department stores, etc.

Although chemical and construction industries made up the core of the city's economy, Dzhambul continued to function as an unofficial trade post with its proximity to the other Central Asian republics and a relatively mobile population. The city was known in the area for its large bazaars with farmers selling agricultural produce from throughout the region.

=== After independence ===
Dzhambul, along with much of Kazakhstan, suffered a severe economic crisis in the early 1990s after the break-up of the Soviet Union, with many industries coming to an almost complete halt. The demographics of the city have changed drastically as well. The city lost a significant portion of its population with the exodus of the various nationalities that once made up its diversity, notably the Volga Germans and the Jews, as well as many Russians and Ukrainians. This trend was partially off-set by the migration of Kazakhs from rural areas into the city. The city's name was changed to its Kazakh spelling (Zhambyl) in the early 1992 and to Taraz (Тараз) in 1997. The city's economy has experienced a partial revival in the early 2000s. The city established a sister city relationship with [[Fresno, California]], United States according to [[Sister Cities International]], but this relationship is inactive.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.visitfresnocounty.org/about-fresno-county/sister-cities/ |title=Sister Cities International of Fresno |website=VisitFresnoCounty.org |access-date=December 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630011109/https://www.visitfresnocounty.org/about-fresno-county/sister-cities/ |archive-date=June 30, 2022}}</ref> In 2001, Taraz also entered into a sister city relationship with [[Muncie, Indiana]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indianasistercities.org/indiana-sister-cities |title=Sister City Partnerships in Indiana |website=Indiana Sister Cities |access-date=December 15, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023034302/https://www.indianasistercities.org/indiana-sister-cities |archive-date=October 23, 2022}}</ref>

On November 12, 2011, a gunman "described by officials as a jihadist" killed at least eight people, including five police officers and himself, in Taraz.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Schwirtz |first1=Michael |title=Fatal Rampage by a Gunman in Kazakhstan |work=The New York Times |date=12 November 2011 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/13/world/asia/gunman-goes-on-fatal-rampage-in-kazakhstan.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=11 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617064116/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/13/world/asia/gunman-goes-on-fatal-rampage-in-kazakhstan.html |archive-date=June 17, 2022}}</ref>

The eponymous domestic vodka, Taraz, considered the best in Kazakhstan, is produced in the city.