Editing Technocracy (section)

==History of the term==
The term ''technocracy'' is derived from the Greek words τέχνη, ''tekhne'' meaning ''skill'' and κράτος, ''kratos'' meaning ''power'', as in ''governance'', or ''rule''. William Henry Smyth, a California engineer, is usually credited with inventing the word ''technocracy'' in 1919 to describe "the rule of the people made effective through the agency of their servants, the scientists and engineers", although the word had been used before on several occasions.<ref name="technocracy1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.technocracy.org/periodicals/nwtechnocrat/237/who-is-a-technocrat.html |title=Who Is A Technocrat?&nbsp;– Wilton Ivie&nbsp;– (1953) |date=2001-03-11 |access-date=2012-05-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041230024203/http://www.technocracy.org/periodicals/nwtechnocrat/237/who-is-a-technocrat.html |archive-date=December 30, 2004 }}</ref><ref>[[Barry Jones (Australian politician)|Barry Jones]] (1995, fourth edition). ''Sleepers, Wake! Technology and the Future of Work'', Oxford University Press, p. 214.</ref> Smyth used the term ''Technocracy'' in his 1919 article "'Technocracy'—Ways and Means to Gain Industrial Democracy" in the journal ''Industrial Management'' (57).<ref name="ReferenceA">Oxford English Dictionary 3rd edition (Word from 2nd edition 1989)</ref> Smyth's usage referred to [[Industrial democracy]]: a movement to integrate workers into decision-making through existing firms or revolution.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

In the 1930s, through the influence of [[Howard Scott (engineer)|Howard Scott]] and the [[technocracy movement]] he founded, the term technocracy came to mean 'government by technical decision making', using an energy metric of value. It was based on organising and directing economic activity within a geographical region nearly self-sufficient in resources and with a highly developed technology. Scott proposed that money be replaced by energy certificates denominated in units such as [[erg]]s or [[joules]], equivalent in total amount to an appropriate national [[net energy]] budget, and then distributed equally among the [[North America]]n population, according to resource availability.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/technocracy|title=Technocracy - Define Technocracy at Dictionary.com|work=Dictionary.com}}</ref><ref name="Berndt"/>

There is in common usage found the derivative term ''technocrat''. The word ''technocrat'' can refer to someone exercising governmental authority because of their knowledge,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Technocracy.aspx|title=Technocracy facts, information, pictures {{!}} Encyclopedia.com articles about Technocracy|website=www.encyclopedia.com|access-date=2017-01-09}}</ref> "a member of a powerful technical elite", or "someone who advocates the supremacy of technical experts".<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2011/11/technocrats_and_the_european_debt_crisis_what_s_a_technocrat_.html |title= What's a Technocrat?|last1= Wickman|first1= Forrest|date= November 11, 2011|website= [[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|publisher= The Slate Group}}</ref><ref name="BBC2011">{{cite web |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-15720438|title= Who, What, Why: What can technocrats achieve that politicians can't?|date= November 14, 2011|website= [[BBC News]]|publisher= BBC|access-date=April 23, 2013}}</ref><ref name="minds">{{cite news |title=Technocrats: Minds like machines|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21538698 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=19 November 2011 |access-date=21 February 2012}}</ref> McDonnell and Valbruzzi define a prime minister or minister as a technocrat if "at the time of their appointment to government, they: have never held public office under the banner of a political party; are not a formal member of any party; and are said to possess recognized non-party political expertise which is directly relevant to the role occupied in government".<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1111/1475-6765.12054| title=Defining and classifying technocrat-led and technocratic governments| journal=European Journal of Political Research| volume=53| issue=4| pages=654–671| year=2014| last1=McDonnell| first1=Duncan| last2=Valbruzzi| first2=Marco|url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261568742}}</ref> In Russia, the [[President of Russia]] often nominates individuals with technical expertise and no prior political experience as core ministers, such appointees are termed as "technocrats".<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.ozy.com/provocateurs/life-after-putin-the-technocrats/78972 | title=If Putin Died Tomorrow, Who Would Take Over? These Technocrats Have a Chance | last=Peleschuk | first=Dan | date=14 June 2017 | publisher=Ozy}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://intersectionproject.eu/article/politics/plight-russias-technocrats | title=The plight of Russia's technocrats | date=2017-08-15 | publisher=Intersection Project | access-date=2018-01-07 | archive-date=2019-04-25 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425060322/http://intersectionproject.eu/article/politics/plight-russias-technocrats | url-status=dead }}</ref>