Editing Tektronix 4010 (section)

==History==
[[File:Tektronix 564 Analog Storage Oscilloscope.jpg|thumb|upright|The Tektronix 564 [[storage oscilloscope]] used the same technology which was fundamental to the 401x series of graphical computer displays]]
[[File:Tektronix 4010 DSC 0056.jpg|thumb|upright|The Tektronix 4010 was the company's initial entry into the computer terminal market]]
[[File:Tektronix 4051 ad April 1976.jpg|thumb|Tektronix 4051]]
The Tektronix [[direct-view bistable storage tube]] was first used in the Tektronix 564 [[oscilloscope]] in 1963, and was first used for non-oscilloscope applications in the 601 monitor in 1968.{{sfn|Tektronix|1971}} A number of graphics terminals based on this tube and others from the 600-series were developed, including the Advanced Remote Display Station from [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]]'s [[Project MAC]], and the KV8I (later, KV8E) from [[Digital Equipment Corporation]] using the 11-inch diagonal 611.{{efn|The 11-inch screens were custom built by Tektronix and had a very flat display compared to conventional [[cathode-ray tube]]s (CRTs) of the era.{{sfn|Tektronix|1973|p=260}} The later 19-inch models were built using commercial CRTs and had a more pronounced curved front surface.}} These displays consisted of just the CRT and related basic electronics; it was up to software on the host computer to produce a display by driving the CRT signals directly.{{sfn|Tektronix|1973|pp=260-263}}

Tektronix decided to enter the [[computer terminal]] market themselves, introducing the 4002 in 1969, and the updated 4002A in 1971. The latter sold for {{US$|long=no|9400|1973}}, and required a {{US$|long=no|150}} host adaptor.{{sfn|Tektronix|1973|p=275}} These were similar to the earlier third-party terminals, essentially combining one of their storage tubes with the circuitry needed to decode instructions from the host and turn those into control inputs. However, the 4002 had the unique feature that only a portion of the screen was a storage tube, with a small section set aside for normal refresh-based drawing. This area was used for status messages and entering commands. As they did not include [[raster scan]] hardware or any form of memory, refreshing this area rapidly enough to reduce flicker was up to the host computer.{{sfn|Tektronix|1973|p=274}}

Starting in 1972, the 4002 was first supplanted and then replaced by the 4010.{{sfn|Tektronix|1973|p=274}} A number of changes and simplifications allowed these to be far less expensive, initially released at {{US$|long=no|3950|1973}} and another {{US$|long=no|290}} for a host adaptor.{{sfn|Tektronix|1973|p=276}} Other models in the 4010 series included the 4012 which added lower case characters, and the 4013 with an [[APL (programming language)|APL]] character set. These were implemented using plug-in boards that could be added to the base-model 4010 as well.{{sfn|Tektronix|1973|p=276}} In the 1980s, a version using a built-in RS-232 port and a number of missing features was released as the 4006, which was small enough to fit on a desk, selling for {{US$|long=no|2995|1980}}.<ref name=1980p34/>

The 4014 joined the line at {{US$|long=no|8450|1974}}, introducing a larger 19-inch screen as well as a more an ergonomic layout.{{sfn|Tektronix|1973|p=273}} It had a wide range of new features as well, which made it much more effective in many contexts and became especially common in [[computer-aided design]] (CAD) use. The upgraded features became so widely-used that the 4014 series is sometimes considered to be a separate line from the 4010, or alternatively the [[canonical model]] for the entire family. The 4015 was a 4014 with the APL character set card from the 4013.{{sfn|Tektronix|1973|p=273}} The 4016, introduced in 1979, was a version with a 25-inch screen and a somewhat different mechanical layout to provide room for the much larger tube. It was much more expensive, with the base model selling for {{US$|19500|1980|long=no}}.<ref name=1980p34>{{cite work |section=Computer Graphics Products |title=Tektronix Products 1980 |date=1980 |page=[https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_tektronixclog1980_218327905/page/n36 35] |url=https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_tektronixclog1980_218327905}}</ref>

A wide variety of peripherals were available that worked on some or all of these models. The first line, introduced with the 4010, included the 4610 Hard Copy Unit, an early graphics printer.{{sfn|Tektronix|1973|p=255}} This used a system in the monitor to scan the display line-by-line, which sent signals to the printer where a one-line-tall CRT duplicated the image on [[Thermal printing|thermal paper]].{{sfn|Tektronix|1973|p=269}} Normally selling for {{US$|long=no|3550}}, a {{US$|long=no|3950}} version allowed the printer to be shared among four terminals. The printer adaptor could be pre-installed in the 4010, making it the 4010-1, and it came pre-installed on both the 4012 and 4013 which do not appear to have used the -1 notation to indicate this. The 4631 was a version of the 4610 with a sheet feeder and higher speed.

A properly equipped 4014 could also drive a [[pen plotter]] through an expansion card, including the [[GPIB]]-based 4662 Interactive Digital Plotter and 4663 [[Paper size|C-sized]] version. Plotters offered color graphical output via colored pen selection, which could be embedded in the graphics data.<ref>{{cite work |title=Tektronix Interactive Digital Plotters |url=http://www.dvq.com/brochures/tek/tek-plotters.pdf |publisher=Tektronix |date=1981}}</ref>

For storage, the systems could write out the data stream of characters as they were received from the host, allowing them to be played back locally to recreate the display. Storage options included the 4911 [[punch tape]], the 4912 using [[Data cassette|cassette]] tapes{{sfn|Tektronix|1971|p=6}} based on a Sykes TT120 mechanism,<ref>{{cite web |title=Tektronix 4912 |url=http://terminals.classiccmp.org/wiki/index.php/File:Tektronix_4912_321549216018-10.jpg |website= ClassicCmp}}</ref> and later added the 4923 based on the 3M [[Quarter-inch cartridge|DC300]] digital tape system.<ref>{{cite journal |journal= Computerworld |title=Tape Memory Links To Tektronix 4010s |date= 4 June 1975 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RkAxDQnQJWkC&pg=PA20 |page=20}}</ref>

Other devices in the lineup included the 4901 and 4903 Interactive Graphic Unit, which drew crosshairs on the 4002 (this capability was built into the later models),{{efn|One of the 4010's at the Tektronix museum{{where|date=January 2022}} may lack the two wheels used to move the graphics cursor. However, most manuals and marketing materials mention these wheels. This may be part of the 4010A version.}} and the 4951 [[Joystick]]. This hardware allowed the user to select any point on a display, and to input its coordinates to a computer, allowing support of a CAD system.
{{sfn|Tektronix|1973|p=275}} 

The 4010 series was also used as the basis for two self-hosted systems. The [[Tektronix 4050]] series used the 4010 or 4014 with internal processors and a DC300 tape unit to produce a simple desktop unit. There were three models: the original 4010-based 4051 with an 8-bit processor, the 4052 with a 16-bit processor, and the 4054 which combined the 4014 screen with the 4052 logic. The 4081 was a version with an [[Interdata 7/16]] [[minicomputer]] built into an office desk, which saw limited use. Tektronix continued selling the basic storage tubes to [[OEM]]s, the 19-inch version as the GMA101 and 102 (the former offering roughly twice the drawing speed) and the 25-inch as the GMA125.

Tektronix also sold a set of graphics software routines in [[FORTRAN]] known as PLOT10 that converted simple inputs like lists of numbers into a graphic display such as a chart.{{sfn|Tektronix|1971|p=4}}{{sfn|Tektronix|1973|p=277}} Another common solution was the [[DISSPLA]] software system, which was adapted to run on the 4010.

The command format for sending graphics to the terminals was very simple, and was soon copied by a number of other terminal vendors. This [[de facto standard]] for encoding graphical information was later ported to traditional video terminals using raster scan displays, although these generally offered lower resolution, perhaps half that of the 4010.<ref>{{cite work |publisher=DEC |date=May 1988 |url=http://vt100.net/docs/vt3xx-gp/ |title= VT330/VT340 Programmer Reference Manual Volume 2: Graphics Programming}}</ref><ref>{{cite work |title=ICL A420C |publisher=ICL |date=1991 |url=http://www.1000bit.it/ad/bro/icl/a420.pdf}}</ref> A number of these emulations also understood the color codes from the [[Tektronix 4105]] raster scan terminal, which added color to the original 4010 command set. This graphical data standard continues to be emulated  by newer terminals to this day; [[NCSA Telnet]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Tektronix 4014 and 4105 Emulation |url=https://www.cs.drexel.edu/~jpopyack/Graphics/NCSA.Tektronix.pdf |website=Drexel University}}</ref> and [[xterm]] can emulate the 4014 (<code>xterm -t</code>).<ref>{{cite web |first1= Rubin |last1=Landau |first2=Paul  |last2=Fink, Jr |first3=Melanie |last3=Johnson |first4=Jon |last4=Maestri |url=https://sites.science.oregonstate.edu/~landaur/nacphy/coping-with-unix/node140.html |title=xterm: Tektronix 4014 Emulator |website= Coping With Unix, A Survival Guide}}</ref>