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Telecommunications in Russia
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==Early history== {{further|History of Russian journalism}} [[File:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)(Including Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Tannu Tuva, and island possessions) Telephone and Telegraph Net - DPLA - ccdbdf1ad827dafa3d8dd43a6b2e0935.jpg|thumb|right|Telecommunication network of the Soviet Union (Data between 1923 - 1948)]] [[File:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) (Including Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Tannu Tuva, and island possessions) Radio Stations Associated with Basic Telephone and Telegraph Ne - DPLA - 141f902fedabe5ddff8aa373023ac0df.jpg|thumb|right|Radio stations in the Soviet Union, 1947]] "Networking" can be traced to the spread of [[mail]] and [[History of Russian journalism|journalism]] in Russia, and information transfer by technical means came to Russia with the [[telegraph]] and [[radio]], besides, a 1837 sci-fi novel ''[[Year 4338]]'', by the 19th-century Russian philosopher [[Vladimir Odoevsky]], contains predictions such as "friends' houses are connected by means of magnetic telegraphs that allow people who live far from each other to talk to each other" and "household journals" "having replaced regular correspondence" with "information about the hosts’ good or bad health, family news, various thoughts and comments, small inventions, as well as invitations".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mosnews.com/feature/2005/10/10/bloggingpredicted.shtml |title=Blogging Predicted by a 19th-century Russian Prince |access-date=2007-09-18 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051013083229/http://www.mosnews.com/feature/2005/10/10/bloggingpredicted.shtml |archive-date=October 13, 2005 }} — Mosnews.com, 10.10.2005 (copy at [[Archive.org]]).</ref> Computing systems [[Computer systems in the Soviet Union|became known in the USSR by the 1950s]]. Starting from 1952, works were held in the Moscow-based [[Lebedev Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Engineering|Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Engineering]] (headed by [[Sergei Alekseyevich Lebedev|Sergei Lebedev]]) on automated [[missile defense]] system which used a "computer network" which calculated radar data on test missiles through central machine called M-40 and was interchanging information with smaller remote terminals about 100—200 kilometers distant.<ref>{{cite book|last = Бурцев|first = Всеволод|script-title=ru:Московская научная школа академика С.А.Лебедева в развитии вычислительной техники.|url = http://urss.ru/cgi-bin/db.pl?cp=&page=Book&id=7718&lang=Ru&blang=ru&list=8|publisher = Информационные технологии и вычислительные системы. 2002-Вып.3|format = журнал|location = М.|year = 2002|id = 3|pages = 42–43|language=ru}}</ref> The scientists used several locations in the [[USSR]] for their works, the largest was a massive test range to the West from [[Lake Balkhash]]. In the meantime [[amateur radio]] users all over USSR were conducting "[[Peer-to-peer|P2P]]" connections with their comrades worldwide using data codes. Later, a massive "automated data network" called ''Express'' was launched in 1972 to serve needs of [[Russian Railways]]. In 1975, the IT and telecommunications exhibition SVIAZ was launched and has since grown to become the largest such gathering in Eastern Europe and Russia. It is part of the Russian Week of High Technologies and is held yearly in Moscow in the month of April.<ref name="sviaz_website">{{cite web |title=SVIAZ: exhibition of Information and Communications Technology |url=https://www.sviaz-expo.ru/en/ |website=www.sviaz-expo.ru |access-date=4 April 2023}}</ref><ref name="GEED_sviaz">{{cite web |title=GEED - SVIAZ |url=https://www.geedirectory.com/Home/Info/52066 |website=Global Exhibitions and Events Directory |access-date=4 April 2023}}</ref> From the early 1980s the [[VNIIPAS|All Union Scientific Research Institute for Applied Computerized Systems (''VNIIPAS'')]] was working to implement data connections over the [[X.25]] telephone protocol. A test Soviet connection to Austria in 1982 existed, in 1982 and 1983 there were series of "world computer conferences" at VNIIPAS initiated by the [[U. N.]] where USSR was represented by a team of scientists from many [[Soviet Republics]] headed by biochemist [[Anatole Klyosov]]; the other participating countries were UK, USA, Canada, Sweden, [[Federal Republic of Germany|FRG]], [[East Germany|GDR]], Italy, Finland, Philippines, Guatemala, Japan, Thailand, Luxembourg, Denmark, Brazil and New Zealand.<ref>{{in lang|ru}} [http://www.pseudology.org/webmaster/Klyesov_Internet.htm Двадцать лет спустя, или как начинался Интернет в Советском Союзе] — expanded [http://ogoniok.com/archive/2001/4720/45-23-25/ article] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925002100/http://www.ogoniok.com/archive/2001/4720/45-23-25/ |date=2013-09-25 }} originally from [[Ogonyok]] magazine №45, 2001.</ref> Also, in 1983 the ''San Francisco Moscow Teleport (SFMT)'' project was started by VNIIPAS and an American team which included [[George Soros]]. It resulted in the creation in the latter 80s of the data transfer operator ''SovAm'' (Soviet-American) ''Teleport''. Meanwhile, on 1 April 1984, a [[April Fools' Day|Fool's Day]] hoax about "Kremlin computer" [[Kremvax]] was made in English-speaking [[Usenet]]. There are reports of spontaneous Internet ([[UUCP]] and [[Channel One Russia|USSR]] and [[telnet]]) connections "from home" through X.25 in the USSR in as early as 1988. In 1990, [[Sky Link (Russia)|Skylink]] ''GlasNet'' non-profit initiative by the US-based [[Association for Progressive Communications]] sponsored Internet usage in several educational projects in the USSR (through Sovam). ===1998 financial crisis=== {{main|1998 Russian financial crisis}} When the Russian economy's collapse came about in August 1998, the market shrank drastically, where cellular operators [[MTS (network provider)|MTS GSM]], [[Beeline (brand)|Beeline]], [[MegaFon|North West GSM]] and [[Sky Link (Russia)|Skylink]] were squeezed between low traffic and huge foreign currency denominated credits and telecommunications equipment bills. In 1998, [[MTS (network provider)|MTS GSM]], [[Beeline (brand)|Beeline]], [[North-West GSM|North West GSM]] and [[Sky Link (Russia)|Skylink]] prepaid subscriptions were made at a loss and infrastructure investments fell. NMT450 operator Moscow Cellular communications was hardest hit due to its about 50% corporate users. The 1998 crisis also caused many regional operators tariff and payment problems with accumulated debt to vendors; large debts were restructured and foreign investors lost out.<ref>Telecommunications in Russia: from monopolistic village phones, to competitive global players in 20 years, L-F Pau, Prof. Mobile business, Copenhagen Business School and Rotterdam school of management, 2011</ref> ===2000s=== In November 2013 [[President of Russia|President]] Putin instructed [[Dmitry Medvedev's First Cabinet|Dmitry Medvedev's Cabinet]] to provide "modern communication services" to rural settlements throughout Russia with a population of 250 to 500 people, by [[Rostelecom]] at the expense of the provision of universal service. The document does not specify what is meant by "modern communication services", but sources close to the Ministry of Communications and the state operator explain its intention of connecting villages to the wired internet. The budget comes among others, from the Universal Service Fund.<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.comnews.ru/node/78201| title =Путин поручил "Ростелекому" подключить к интернету села| work =comnews.ru| access-date = 30 November 2013}}</ref>
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