Editing Temperance movement (section)

==Context==
[[File:Possible long-term effects of ethanol.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Illustration of [[long-term effects of alcohol consumption]] on health]]
{{Further|Health effects of alcohol|Alcohol and cancer|Drug-facilitated sexual assault}}
In late 17th-century North America, alcohol was a vital part of colonial life as a beverage, medicine, and commodity for men, women, and children. Drinking was widely accepted and completely integrated into society; however, drunkenness was not tolerated. In the colonial period of America from around 1623, when a Plymouth minister named [[William Blaxton|William Blackstone]] began distributing apples and flowers, up until the mid-1800s, hard cider was the primary alcoholic drink of the people. Hard cider was prominent throughout this entire period and nothing compared in scope or availability. It was one of the few aspects of American culture that all the colonies shared. Settlement along the frontier often included a legal requirement whereby an orchard of mature apple trees bearing fruit within three years of settlement were required before a land title was officially granted. For example, [[Ohio Company|The Ohio Company]] required settlers to plant not less than fifty apple trees and twenty peach trees within three years. These plantings guaranteed land titles. In 1767, the average New England family was consuming seven barrels of hard cider annually, which equates to about 35-gallons per person. Around the mid-1800s, newly arrived immigrants from Germany and elsewhere increased beer's popularity, and the temperance movement and continued westward expansion caused farmers to abandon their cider orchards.<ref>{{cite book|title=American Canopy: Trees, Forests, and the Making of a Nation|first=Eric|last=Rutkow|publisher=Scribner|date=2012|location=New York|pages=56–58, 61|isbn=978-1-4391-9354-9}}</ref>

Attitudes toward alcohol in Great Britain became increasingly negative in the late 18th century.<ref name="Vallee">{{cite web |last1=Vallee |first1=Bert L. |title=The Conflicted History of Alcohol in Western Civilization |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-conflicted-history-of-alcohol-in-western-civilization/ |website=Scientific American |date=June 2015 |language=en}}</ref> One of the reasons for this shift was the need for sober laborers to operate heavy machinery developed in the [[Industrial Revolution]]. [[Anthony Benezet]] suggested abstinence from alcohol in 1775.<ref name="blocker" />{{rp|4}}<ref name="clean" />{{rp|36–37}} As early as the 1790s, physician [[Benjamin Rush]] envisioned a disease-like syndrome caused by excessive drinking, the "symptoms" being moral and physical decay. He cited abstinence as the only treatment option.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rasmussen |first1=Sandra |title=Addiction Treatment: Theory and Practice |date=21 June 2000 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-0-7619-0843-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WCTIZTQdOWkC&pg=PA27 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="chavigny">{{cite book |last1=Chavigny |first1=Katherine A. |editor1-last=Tracy |editor1-first=Sarah W. |editor2-last=Acker |editor2-first=Caroline Jean |title=Altering American Consciousness: The History of Alcohol and Drug Use in the United States, 1800–2000 |date=2004 |publisher=University of Massachusetts Press |location=Amherst, MA |isbn=978-1-55849-425-1 |chapter=Reforming Drunkards in Nineteenth-Century America: Religion, Medicine, Therapy}}</ref>{{rp|109}} Rush saw benefits in fermented drinks, but condemned the use of distilled spirits.<ref name="clean" />{{rp|37}} As well as addiction, Rush noticed the correlation that drunkenness had with disease, death, suicide, and crime.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Runes |first=Dagobert D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KQf4CAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Benjamin+Rush%22+drunkenness+disease+death,+suicide,+and+crime&pg=PT354 |title=The Selected Writings of Benjamin Rush |date=2015-05-26 |publisher=Open Road Media |isbn=978-1-5040-1306-2 |language=en}}</ref> According to "Pompili, Maurizio et al",<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pompili |first1=Maurizio |last2=Serafini |first2=Gianluca |last3=Innamorati |first3=Marco |last4=Dominici |first4=Giovanni |last5=Ferracuti |first5=Stefano |last6=Kotzalidis |first6=Giorgio D. |last7=Serra |first7=Giulia |last8=Girardi |first8=Paolo |last9=Janiri |first9=Luigi |last10=Tatarelli |first10=Roberto |last11=Sher |first11=Leo |last12=Lester |first12=David |date=29 March 2010 |title=Suicidal behavior and alcohol abuse |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=1392–1431 |doi=10.3390/ijerph7041392 |doi-access=free |issn=1660-4601 |pmc=2872355 |pmid=20617037}}</ref> there is increasing evidence that, aside from the volume of alcohol consumed, the pattern of the drinking is relevant for health outcomes. Overall, there is a causal relationship between alcohol consumption and more than 60 types of diseases and injuries. Alcohol is estimated to cause about 20–30% of cases of esophageal cancer, liver cancer, cirrhosis of the liver, homicide, epilepsy and motor vehicle accidents. After the [[American Revolution]], Rush called upon ministers of various churches to act in preaching the messages of temperance.<ref name="deliver">{{cite book |last1=Clark |first1=Norman H. |title=Deliver Us From Evil: An Interpretation of American Prohibition |url=https://archive.org/details/deliverusfromevi00norm |url-access=registration |date=1976 |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company |location=New York |isbn=978-0393091700}}</ref>{{rp|23}} However, abstinence messages were largely ignored by Americans until the 1820s.<ref name="clean" />{{rp|37}}