Editing Tempranillo (section)

== History and mutation ==
In 2012, Tempranillo was discovered to be a natural cross between [[Albillo|Albillo Mayor]] and a forgotten grape variety called Benedicto.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.ajevonline.org/content/63/4/549 | doi=10.5344/ajev.2012.12012 | title=Genetic Origin of the Grapevine Cultivar Tempranillo | year=2012 | last1=Ibáñez | first1=Javier | last2=Muñoz-Organero | first2=Gregorio | last3=Zinelabidine | first3=L. Hasna | last4=De Andrés | first4=M. Teresa | last5=Cabello | first5=Félix | last6=Martínez-Zapater | first6=José Miguel | journal=American Journal of Enology and Viticulture | volume=63 | issue=4 | pages=549–553 | s2cid=97583632 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> Tempranillo used to be thought to be related to the [[Pinot noir]] grape. According to legend, [[Cistercians|Cistercian]] monks left Pinot noir cuttings at monasteries along their pilgrimage to [[Santiago de Compostela]]. However, [[Ampelography|ampelographic]] studies have shown no genetic connection between the cultivars.<ref>{{cite web| last = Nesto| first = Bill| title = Spain's great indigenous grape variety Tempranillo| publisher = Massachusetts Beverage Business| date = December 2004| url = http://www.beveragebusiness.com/archives/article.php?cid=1&eid=47&aid=488| access-date = 16 April 2012| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110613152621/http://www.beveragebusiness.com/archives/article.php?cid=1&eid=47&aid=488| archive-date = 13 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = Protagonista: La Tempranillo| publisher = Federación Española de Asociaciones de Enólogos| url = http://www.enologo.com/tempranillo/en/tempranillos-al-mundo/la-tempranillo| access-date = 16 April 2012| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120123043040/http://www.enologo.com/tempranillo/en/tempranillos-al-mundo/la-tempranillo| archive-date = 23 January 2012}}</ref>

Spanish cultivation of ''[[Vitis vinifera]]'', the common ancestor of almost all vines in existence today, began in earnest with [[Phoenicia]]n settlement in the southern provinces. Later, according to the [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] writer [[Columella]], wines were grown all over Spain; yet there are only scattered references to the name "Tempranillo". [[Ribera del Duero]] wine making extends back over 2,000 years, as evidenced by the 66-metre mosaic of [[Bacchus]], the Roman god of wine, that was unearthed in 1972, at [[Baños de Valdearados]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Morales|first=Manuel|title=Thieves take chisel to Roman mosaic|newspaper=El Pais (English edition)|publisher=Ediciones El Pais|location=Madrid|date=1 January 2012|url=http://elpais.com/elpais/2012/01/01/inenglish/1325398842_850210.html|access-date=12 May 2012|url-status = dead| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190723234131/https://elpais.com/elpais/2012/01/01/inenglish/1325398842_850210.html |archive-date=2019-07-23}}</ref>

It is possible that this grape was introduced to the Western Hemisphere by the Spanish Conquistadors in the 17th century, as certain Criolla varieties in Argentina have a closer genetic relationship to Tempranillo than to a small handful of other European varieties against which the Criolla varieties were tested.<ref name=bio>{{cite journal|last1=Martinez|first1=Liliana|last2=Cavagnaro|first2=Pablo|last3=Masuelli|first3=Ricardo|last4=Rodríguez|first4=José|title=Evaluation of diversity among Argentine grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) varieties using morphological data and AFLP markers|journal=Electronic Journal of Biotechnology|volume=6|issue=3|date=15 December 2003|issn=0717-3458|doi=10.2225/vol6-issue3-fulltext-11|doi-access=free|hdl=1807/2251|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Despite its apparent fragility, Tempranillo travelled widely during the 20th century and, following much trial and error, has become established throughout the world. In 1905, Frederic Bioletti brought Tempranillo to [[California]] where it received a cool reception not only due to the encroaching era of [[Prohibition]], but also because of the grape's dislike of hot, dry climates. It was much later, during the 1980s, that Californian Tempranillo wine production began to flourish, following the establishment of suitably mountainous sites. Production in this area has more than doubled since 1993.<ref name=wyn>{{cite web | last=Theron | first=Charl | title=Is Tempranillo the next superstar of the new wine world? | publisher=Wynboer | date=July 2006 | url=http://www.wynboer.co.za/recentarticles/200607current.php3 | access-date=30 September 2008 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927175223/http://www.wynboer.co.za/recentarticles/200607current.php3 | archive-date=27 September 2007 }}</ref>

During the 1990s, Tempranillo started experiencing a renaissance in wine production worldwide. This surge began partly as a result of the efforts of a 'new wave' of Spanish growers who showed that it was possible to produce wines of great character and quality in areas outside of the Rioja region. One result of this has been that Tempranillo [[varietal]] wines have become more common, especially in the better-suited, cooler Spanish regions like [[Ribera del Duero]], [[Navarra]], and [[Penedès|Penedès (DO)]]. During the 1990s, growers in [[Australian wine|Australia]] and [[South African wine|South Africa]] started significant Tempranillo plantations.{{citation needed|date=May 2012}}