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Ten Major Relationships
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== Background == In January 1956 Mao Zedong noticed that [[Liu Shaoqi]] was receiving reports from some committees of the [[State Council of the People's Republic of China|State Council]] and became interested in those reports. Beginning from late last year, Liu was preparing for the political report for the forthcoming party congress and Mao then instructed to arrange different bureaus to report to him. As Mao said, the formulation of the ten major relationships was the result of communicating with the cadres in those bureaus.<ref name=":0" /> From February 14 to April 24 (1956), Mao listened to the reports from 34 different bureaus, plus the report from the [[National Development and Reform Commission|State Planning Commission]] on the [[Second five-year plan (China)|Second Five-year Plan]]. During those 41 days, Mao listened to reports for four to five hours every day in [[Zhongnanhai]]. Other top leaders including [[Zhou Enlai]], Liu Shaoqi, [[Chen Yun]], and [[Deng Xiaoping]] had also participated in these meetings and expressed their opinions. The reporting began with [[heavy industry]], then proceeded to [[light industry]], [[Handicraft|handicraft industry]], [[transport]]ation and [[telecommunication]], [[agriculture]] and [[forestry]], [[finance]], and other areas. During the same period, Mao was also involved in the drafting of another document titled On the Historical Experience of the Dictatorship of the Proletariat ({{lang|zh|关于无产阶级专政的历史经验}}), which, published on April 5 on the [[People's Daily]], was an immediate response of the Chinese Communist Party to the [[20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.marxists.org/history/international/comintern/sino-soviet-split/cpc/hedp.htm|title=On the Historical Experience of the Dictatorship of the Proletariat|last=The editorial department of Renmin ribao|date=April 5, 1956|website=Marxists.org}}</ref> After listening to the first round of reports, from April 12 to 17 Mao visited an exhibition of mechanics to see the latest development in the industry. Then from April 18 onwards, [[Li Fuchun]] reported to Mao on the Second Five-year Plan. The entire process was Mao's longest and most comprehensive investigation on economic affairs after 1949. In the enlarged Politburo meeting from April 25 to 28, Mao made the speech on its first day. As the original agenda was about issues like agricultural cooperative, attendants did not expect Mao to make such a speech on the ten major relationships and it became the focus for the rest of the meeting.<ref name=":5" /> === Domestic sphere === After the founding of the new country in 1949, the party had consolidated its control over Chinese society through mass campaigns like [[Land reforms by country#China|Land Reform (1947–1952)]], the [[Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries|Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries (1950–1953)]], the [[Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns|Three-Anti and Five-Anti Campaigns (1951–1952)]], the [[Korean War|Campaign to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea (1950–1953)]], and the [[Sufan movement|Sufan Movement (1955)]]. The government also completed the Ethnic Classification in 1954 which aimed at sorting and categorizing the hundreds of distinct [[Ethnic minorities in China|ethnic communities]] within the country, the result of which served as the basis for future policy on nationalities.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Coming to Terms with the Nation: Ethnic Classification in Modern China|last=Mullaney|first=Thomas|publisher=University of California Press|year=2010|isbn=9780520272743|location=California}}</ref> In terms of economic development, China had followed the Soviet model of socialism ever since Mao's decision to [[Leaning to One Side|lean on the side of the Soviet Union]]. As his speech [[On the People's Democratic Dictatorship]] ({{lang|zh|论人民民主专政}}) in June 1949 states,<blockquote>"We must learn to do economic work from all who know how, no matter who they are. We must esteem them as teachers, learning from them respectfully and conscientiously. We must not pretend to know when we do not know. We must not put on bureaucratic airs. If we dig into a subject for several months, for a year or two, for three or five years, we shall eventually master it. At first some of the Soviet Communists also were not very good at handling economic matters and the imperialists awaited their failure too. But the Communist Party of the Soviet Union emerged victorious and, under the leadership of Lenin and Stalin, it learned not only how to make the revolution but also how to carry on construction. It has built a great and splendid socialist state. The Communist Party of the Soviet Union is our best teacher and we must learn from it. The situation both at home and abroad is in our favour, we can rely fully on the weapon of the people's democratic dictatorship, unite the people throughout the country, the reactionaries excepted, and advance steadily to our goal."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume-4/mswv4_65.htm|title=On the People's Democratic Dictatorship|last=Mao|first=Zedong|date=June 30, 1949|website=Marxists.org}}</ref></blockquote>Following Mao's visit to Moscow from late 1949 to early 1950, on February 14, 1950, the two countries signed the [[Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance]] ({{lang|zh|中苏友好同盟互助条约}}) which promised the Soviet Union's commitment to help build socialism in the newly founded People's Republic of China. From 1950 to 1956, a total of 5,092 Soviet experts were sent to China for technical assistant and the total number of visits of the Soviet experts was over 18,000 throughout the years. The areas they provided assistance included government bureaus, military, large enterprises, and higher institutions.<ref>{{Cite book|title=苏联专家在中国(1948-1960)|last=沈|first=志华|publisher=中国国际广播出版社|year=2003|isbn=7507822524|location=北京|pages=4–5}}</ref> In the countryside, from late 1955 to early 1956, China's agricultural sector completed the Socialist High Tide, transforming from having only 14.2% (16.9 million out of 120 million) of peasant families collectivized to 91.2% of them joining the co-operatives and 61.9% joining collectives.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Walker|first=Kenneth R.|date=Apr–Jun 1966|title=Collectivisation in Retrospect: The "Socialist High Tide" of Autumn 1955-Spring 1956|jstor=651609|journal=The China Quarterly|volume=26|issue=26 |pages=1–43|doi=10.1017/S0305741000013151 |s2cid=154767650 }}</ref> Likewise in the cities, private factories and shops were either turned into cooperatives or nationalized in the name of joint public-private ownership. === International sphere === Regarding to the Soviet Union's leadership in the socialist camp, the [[Tito–Stalin Split|Tito-Stalin Split]] broke out in 1948, followed by the [[Informbiro period]] that ended at 1955, signaling the end of the Soviet Union's intolerance of alternative socialist development. In Moscow, a dramatic event happened during the [[20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] in February 1956, as [[Nikita Khrushchev]] made the "[[On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences|Secret Speech]]" of denouncing the personality cult and dictatorship of [[Joseph Stalin]]. Chinese Communist [[Zhu De]] and Deng Xiaoping attended the congress and were surprised by the length that Khrushchev went into denouncing Stalin.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=The Origins of the Cultural Revolution: Volume 1 Contradictions among the People, 1956-1957|last=MacFarquhar|first=Roderick|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=1974|isbn=0231038410|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/originsofcultura01macf/page/39 39–42]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/originsofcultura01macf/page/39}}</ref> Furthermore, the Soviet Union had begun to implement its 6th [[Five-year plans for the national economy of the Soviet Union|Five-year Plan]] for 1956–1960. On the geopolitical scene, China had since 1954 began to foster relations with her Asian neighboring countries like India and Burma.<ref name=":3" /> In April 1955, the [[Bandung Conference]] was held in Bandung, Indonesia and Zhou Enlai attended the conference as the representative of Communist China, strengthening her role in the African and Asian continents.
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