Editing Tenant farmer (section)

==England and Wales==
Historically, rural society utilised a three-tier structure of [[landowner]]s ([[nobility]], [[gentry]], [[yeomen|yeomanry]]), tenant farmers, and [[farmworker]]s. Originally, tenant farmers were known as [[peasants]]. Under [[Anglo-Norman law]], almost all tenants were bonded to the land, and were therefore also [[villeins]], but after the labour shortage occasioned by the [[Black Death]] in the mid-14th century, the number of [[free tenants]] substantially increased.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Dowell, Stephen|year=1876|title=A sketch of the history of taxes in England, Volume 1: To the civil war, 1642|publisher=Longmans|location=London|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=AEQIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA191 191]|oclc=228439554}}</ref> Many tenant farmers became affluent and socially well connected, and employed a substantial number of labourers and managed more than one farm. Tenancy could be either in perpetuity<ref>Tenure was based upon customary law, which was eroded by the [[enclosure act]]s and others in the 16th, 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries. {{Cite book|author=Clay Christopher|year=1985|chapter=Types of Tenancy|editor=Thirsk, Joan|title=The Agrarian History of England and Wales, Volume 5, 1640&ndash;1750, Part 1, Regional farming systems|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, England|pages=198&ndash;229, [https://books.google.com/books?id=EAA9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA198 pages 198&ndash;199]|isbn=978-0-521-20076-9}}</ref> or rotated by the owners.<ref>{{cite book |title=Studies of Field Systems in the British Isles |first1=Alan R. H. |last1=Baker |first2=Robin Alan |last2=Butlin |location=London |year=1973 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20121-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/studiesoffieldsy0000bake }}</ref> Cottiers (cottagers) held much less land.<ref>{{cite book |title=Notes of a Potato Watcher |series=Texas A&M University Agriculture Series |first1=James |last1=Lang |first2=Hubert G. |last2=Zandstra |year=2001 |location=College Station |publisher=Texas A&M University Press |isbn=1585441384 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/notesofpotatowat0000lang }}</ref>

The 17th century to the early 19th century witnessed the growth of large estates, and the opportunity for a farmer to hold land other than by tenancy was significantly reduced,<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Clay, Christopher|year=1968|title=Marriage, Inheritance, and the Rise of Large Estates in England, 1660&ndash;1815|journal=The Economic History Review |series=New Series|volume=21|issue=3|pages=503–518|doi=10.2307/2592747|jstor=2592747}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Clay Christopher|year=1985|chapter=The Land Market|editor=Thirsk, Joan|title=The Agrarian History of England and Wales, Volume 5, 1640&ndash;1750, Part 1, Regional farming systems|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, England|pages=170&ndash;197, [https://books.google.com/books?id=EAA9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PENISPENISSSSSSSSSSSSPA177 page 177]|isbn=978-0-521-20076-9}}</ref> with the result that by the 19th century, about 90% of agricultural land area and holdings were tenanted, although these figures declined markedly after World War II, to around 60% in 1950 and only 35% of agricultural land area in 1994.<ref name=Gibbard>{{cite web |url=http://www.reading.ac.uk/LM/LM/fulltxt/0397.pdf |title=Agricultural Tenancy Reform: The End of Law; or a New Popular Culture? |author=Gibbard, Ravenscroft and Reeves |year=1997 |publisher=Reading University |access-date=24 June 2010}}</ref> High rates of inheritance taxes in the postwar period led to the breakup or reduction of many large estates,<ref>{{Cite book|author1=Gallent, Nick |author2=Juntti, Meri |author3=Kidd, Sue |author4=Shaw, Dave  |name-list-style=amp |chapter=Part 3: The Needs of Rural Communities: Chapter 6, Community Change |year=2008|title=Introduction to Rural Planning|publisher=Routledge|location=London|pages=141&ndash;163, [https://books.google.com/books?id=xu7PxGZekDkC&pg=PA148 page 148]|isbn=978-0-415-42996-2}} citing {{Cite book|author=Woods, Michael|year=2005|title=Contesting Rurality: Politics in the British Countryside|publisher=Ashgate|location=Aldershot, Hants, England|pages=31&ndash;32|isbn=978-0-7546-3025-8}}</ref> allowing many tenants to buy their holdings at favourable prices.

The landmark [[Agricultural Holdings Act 1948]] ([[11 & 12 Geo. 6]]. c. 63) was enacted at a time when war-time food rationing was still in force and sought to encourage long-term investment by tenants by granting them lifetime security of tenure. Under the [[Agriculture (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1976]], security was extended to spouses and relatives of tenants for two successions, providing that they had been earning the majority of their income from the holding for five years. Succession rights were however withdrawn for new tenancies in 1984<ref>{{Cite book|author=Marsden, Terry|year=1986|chapter=Property—state relations in the 1980s: an examination of landlord-tenant legislation in British agriculture|editor1=Cox, Graham |editor2=Lowe, Philip |editor3=Winter, Michael |title=Agriculture: People and Policies|publisher=Allen & Unwin|location=London|pages=126&ndash;145|isbn=978-0-04-307001-7}}</ref> and this was consolidated in the [[Agricultural Holdings Act 1986]]. These two statutes also laid down rules for the determination of rents by the arbitration process.<ref name=Gibbard/><ref name=HMRC1995>{{cite web |url=http://www.hmrc.gov.uk/manuals/ihtmanual/IHTM24211.htm |title=Agricultural tenancies: Overview of the legislation 1948 to 1995 |publisher=HM Revenue and Customs |access-date=24 June 2010}}</ref> The 1986 statute covered tenancies over agricultural land where the land was used for a trade or business and the definition of "agriculture" in section 96(1) was wide enough to include various uses that in themselves were not agricultural but were deemed so if ancillary to agriculture (e.g. woodlands). The essence of the code was to establish complex constraints on the landlord's ability to give the notice to quit while also converting fixed-term tenancies into yearly tenancies at the conclusion of the fixed term. In addition, there was a uniform rent ascertainment scheme contained in section 12.

It became difficult to obtain new tenancies as a result of landlords' reluctance to have a tenant protected by the 1986 act and in 1995, the government of the day, with the support of industry organizations, enacted a new market-oriented code in the form of the [[Agricultural Tenancies Act 1995]]. The protection of the 1986 act remains in respect of tenancies created prior to the existence of the 1995 act and for those tenancies falling within section 4 of the 1995 act. For all other tenancies granted on or after 1 September 1995, their regulation is within the 1995 act framework.

That act was altered with effect from 18 October 2006 by the [[Regulatory Reform (Agricultural Tenancies) (England and Wales) Order 2006]] ([[SI 2006]]/2805), which also contains changes to the 1986 act. Tenancies granted after 18 October 2006 over agricultural land used for a trade or business will fall within the limited protection of the 1995 act so as to enjoy (provided the term is more than two years in length or there is a yearly tenancy) a mandatory minimum twelve months written notice to quit, including in respect of fixed terms. There is for all tenancies within the scope of the act a mandatory tenants' right to remove fixtures and buildings (section 8) together with compensation for improvements (Part III). The rent review provisions in Part II may be the subject of choice to a much greater extent than previously. Disputes under the act are usually, by the terms of Part IV, the subject of statutory arbitration controlled by the framework of the [[Arbitration Act 1996]].

The current regime under the 1995 act for regulating tenancies, commonly known as Farm Business Tenancies, permits the creation of a clearly and easily terminable interest, whether by a periodic tenancy or a fixed term. In the cycle of animal husbandry and land use and improvement, the long-term effect of the Farm Business Tenancy on the landscape of Britain is not yet proven. It was predicted by landowners and other industry spokesmen that the 1995 act would create opportunities for new tenants by allowing large areas of new lettings but this has not happened in practice as most landowners have continued to favour share farming or management agreements over formal tenancies and the majority of new lettings under the act have been to existing farmers, often [[owner-occupier]]s taking on extra land at significantly higher rents than could be afforded by a traditional tenant.<ref name=Gibbard />