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Tephra
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==Overview== [[File:BishopTuff.jpg|thumb|Rocks from the [[Bishop tuff]], uncompressed with [[pumice]] on left; compressed with [[fiamme]] on right]] Tephra is any sized or composition pyroclastic material produced by an explosive volcanic eruption and precise geological definitions exist.<ref name=Lowe>{{cite journal|title=Global tephra studies: role and importance of the international tephra research group 'Commission on Tephrochronology' in its first 60 years|first1=David J. |last1=Lowe |first2= Peter M. |last2=Abbott |first3= Takehiko |last3=Suzuki |first4= Britta J. L. |last4=Jensen |journal= History of Geo-Space Sciences|volume=13 |pages=93β132 |year= 2022 |issue=2 |doi=10.5194/hgss-13-93-2022 |bibcode=2022HGSS...13...93L |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360927283 |doi-access=free |hdl=10289/15024 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> It consists of a variety of materials, typically glassy particles formed by the cooling of droplets of [[magma]], which may be vesicular, solid or flake-like, and varying proportions of crystalline and mineral components originating from the mountain and the walls of the vent. As the particles fall to the ground, they are sorted to a certain extent by the wind and gravitational forces and form layers of unconsolidated material. The particles are further moved by ground surface or submarine water flow.<ref name=Gornitz>{{cite book|author=Gornitz, Vivien |title=Encyclopedia of Paleoclimatology and Ancient Environments|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yRMgYc-8mTIC&pg=PA937 |year=2008 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4020-4551-6 |pages=937β938}}</ref> The distribution of tephra following an eruption usually involves the largest boulders falling to the ground quickest, therefore closest to the vent, while smaller fragments travel further β ash can often travel for thousands of miles, even circumglobal, as it can stay in the [[stratosphere]] for days to weeks following an eruption. When large amounts of tephra accumulate in the atmosphere from massive volcanic eruptions (or from a multitude of smaller eruptions occurring simultaneously), they can reflect light and heat from the sun back through the atmosphere, in some cases causing the temperature to drop, resulting in a temporary "[[volcanic winter]]". The effects of acidic rain and snow, the precipitation caused by tephra discharges into the atmosphere, can be seen for years after the eruptions have stopped. Tephra eruptions can affect ecosystems across millions of square kilometres or even entire continents depending on the size of the eruption.<ref name="Ayris 1905β1936">{{Cite journal|last1=Ayris|first1=Paul Martin|last2=Delmelle|first2=Pierre|date=1 November 2012|title=The immediate environmental effects of tephra emission|journal=Bulletin of Volcanology|language=en|volume=74|issue=9|pages=1905β1936|doi=10.1007/s00445-012-0654-5|bibcode=2012BVol...74.1905A|s2cid=129369735|issn=1432-0819}}</ref>
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