Editing Thorstein Veblen (section)

==Biography==
===Early life and family background===
Veblen was born on July 30, 1857, in [[Cato, Wisconsin|Cato]], [[Wisconsin]], to [[Norwegian Americans|Norwegian-American]] immigrant parents, Thomas Veblen and Kari Bunde.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Veblen |first=Florence |date=1931 |title=Thorstein Veblen: Reminiscences of His Brother Orson |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2570246 |journal=Social Forces |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=187–195 |doi=10.2307/2570246 |jstor=2570246 |issn=0037-7732|url-access=subscription }}</ref> He was the sixth of twelve children.<ref name=":0" />

[[File:ThorsteinVeblenHouse.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Thorstein Veblen Farmstead]] in 2014]]

His parents had emigrated from [[Valdres]], Norway to [[Milwaukee]], Wisconsin, on September 16, 1847, with few funds and no knowledge of English. They migrated to Milwaukee via [[Drammen]], [[Hamburg]] and [[Quebec]].<ref name=":3" /> The trip took four and a half months.<ref name=":3" /> Despite their limited circumstances as immigrants, Thomas Veblen's knowledge in carpentry and construction, paired with his wife's supportive perseverance, allowed them to establish a family farm in [[Rice County, Minnesota]], where they moved in 1864.<ref name=":0">{{cite book| last= Jorgensen | first= Henry | year= 2017 | title= Thorstein Veblen: Victorian Firebrand | publisher= Routledge| page= 14|isbn= 9780765602589}}.</ref><ref name=":3" /> (The [[Thorstein Veblen Farmstead|Veblen farmstead]], located near the town of [[Nerstrand, Minnesota|Nerstrand]], became a [[National Historic Landmark]] in 1981.)<ref>{{cite web| url= http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1543&ResourceType=Building |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120901191209/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1543&ResourceType=Building |archive-date= September 1, 2012 |title=Thorstein Veblen Farmstead  |access-date= January 3, 2020|work=National Historic Landmarks Program|publisher= National Park Service}}</ref> Kari Bunde was not formally trained as a physician, but she frequently provided medical treatment to surrounding areas.<ref name=":3" />

Veblen began his schooling at age five. Although [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] was his first language, he learned English from neighbors and at school. His parents also learned to speak English fluently, though they continued to read predominantly Norwegian literature with and around their family on the farmstead. The family farm eventually grew more prosperous, allowing Veblen's parents to provide their children with formal education. Unlike most immigrant children of the time, Veblen and all of his siblings received training in lower schools and went on to receive higher education at nearby [[Carleton College]]. Veblen's sister, Emily, was reputedly the first daughter of Norwegian immigrants to graduate from an American college.<ref>{{Cite journal |last= Melton |first= William |date= 1995 |title= Thorstein Veblen and the Veblens |url= http://www.naha.stolaf.edu/pubs/nas/volume34/vol_34-02.pdf |journal= Norwegian-American Studies |volume= 34 |pages= 23–56 |doi= 10.1353/nor.1995.a799270 |s2cid= 247622007 |access-date= February 12, 2019 |archive-date= February 13, 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190213123748/http://www.naha.stolaf.edu/pubs/nas/volume34/vol_34-02.pdf |url-status= dead }}</ref> The eldest Veblen child, Andrew Veblen, ultimately became a professor of physics at [[Iowa State University]] and the father of one of America's leading mathematicians, [[Oswald Veblen]] of [[Princeton University]].{{sfn|Dobriansky|1957|pp=6–9}}<ref name=":3" />

Several commentators saw Veblen's ethnic-Norwegian background and his relative "isolation from American society" in [[Minnesota]] as essential to the understanding of his writings. [[Harvard University]] sociologist [[David Riesman]] maintained that Veblen's background as a child of immigrants meant that Veblen was alienated from his parents' original culture, but that his "living in a Norwegian society within America" made him unable to "assimilate and accept the available forms of [[Americanism (ideology)|Americanism]]" completely.{{sfn|Riesman|1953|p= 206}} According to [[Stanford University]] historian [[George M. Fredrickson]] (1959), the "Norwegian society" that Veblen lived in (Minnesota) was so "isolated" that when he left it "he was, in a sense, emigrating to America."{{sfn|Fredrickson|1959}}

===Education===
At age 17, in 1874, Veblen was sent to attend nearby Carleton College in [[Northfield, Minnesota]]. Early in his schooling he demonstrated both the bitterness and the sense of humor that would characterize his later works.{{sfn|Ritzer|2011|pp= 196–197}} Veblen studied economics and philosophy under the guidance of the young [[John Bates Clark]] (1847–1938), who went on to become a leader in the new field of [[neoclassical economics]]. Clark influenced Veblen greatly, and as Clark initiated him into the formal study of economics, Veblen came to recognize the nature and limitations of hypothetical economics that would begin to shape his theories. Veblen later developed an interest in the social sciences, taking courses within the fields of philosophy, [[natural history]], and [[classical philology]]. Within the realm of philosophy, the works of [[Herbert Spencer]] (1820–1903) were of greatest interest to him, inspiring several preconceptions of socio-economics. In contrast, his studies in natural history and classical philology shaped his formal use of the disciplines of science and language respectively.{{sfn|Ritzer|2011|p= 197}}

After Veblen graduated from Carleton in 1880, he traveled east to study philosophy at [[Johns Hopkins University]]. While at Johns Hopkins he studied under [[Charles Sanders Peirce]]<ref name= grads>{{cite book | last= Houser | first= Nathan | year= 1989 | url= http://www.iupui.edu/~peirce/writings/v4/v4intro.htm | chapter= Introduction | title= Writings of Charles S. Peirce | page= 4:xxxviii, find "Eighty-nine" | via= iupui.edu | access-date= September 17, 2019 | archive-date= May 30, 2010 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100530064901/http://www.iupui.edu/~peirce/writings/v4/v4intro.htm | url-status= dead }}</ref> (1839–1914). When he failed to obtain a scholarship there he moved on to [[Yale University]], where he found economic support for his studies, obtaining a Doctor of Philosophy in 1884, with a major in philosophy and a minor in social studies. His [[dissertation]] was titled "Ethical Grounds of a Doctrine of Retribution." At Yale, he studied under renowned academics such as philosopher [[Noah Porter]] (1811–1892) and sociologist [[William Graham Sumner]]{{sfn|Tilman|1996|p=12}} (1840–1910).

===Marriages===
The two primary relationships that Veblen had were with his two wives. Despite a reputation to the contrary, there is little evidence that he had sexual liaisons with other women.{{sfn|Jorgensen|Jorgensen|1999}}

During his time at Carleton College, Veblen met his first wife, Ellen Rolfe, the niece of the college president. They married in 1888. While some scholars have blamed alleged womanizing tendencies for the couple's numerous separations and eventual divorce in 1911, others have speculated that the relationship's demise was rooted in Ellen's inability to bear children. Following her death in 1926, it was revealed that she had asked for her autopsy to be sent to Veblen, her ex-husband. The autopsy showed that Ellen's reproductive organs had not developed normally, and she had been unable to bear children.{{sfn|Dobriansky|1957|p=12}} A book written by Veblen's stepdaughter asserted that "this explained her disinterest in a normal wifely relationship with Thorstein" and that he "treated her more like a sister, a loving sister, than a wife".{{sfn|Tilman|1996|pp=12–14}}

Veblen married Ann Bradley Bevans, a former student, in 1914 and became stepfather to her two daughters, Becky and Ann. For the most part, it appears that they had a happy marriage. Ann was described by her daughter as a [[Women's suffrage in the United States|suffragette]], a [[Socialism|socialist]], and a staunch advocate of [[Trade union|unions]] and [[Labor rights|workers' rights]]. A year after he married Ann, they were expecting a child together, but the pregnancy ended in a miscarriage. Veblen never had any children of his own.{{sfn|Tilman|1996|pp=14–15}}

===Later life===
After his wife Ann's premature death in 1920, Veblen became active in the care of his stepdaughters. Becky went with him when he moved to California, looked after him there, and was with him at his death in August 1929.{{sfn|Tilman|1996|pp=14–15}} Prior to his death, Veblen had earned a comparatively high salary from the [[The New School|New School]]. Since he lived [[frugality|frugally]], Veblen invested his money in California raisin vineyards and the stock market. However, after returning to northern California, Veblen lost the money he had invested and lived in a house on [[Sand Hill Road]] in [[Menlo Park, California|Menlo Park]] (that once belonged to his first wife). Earning $500 to $600 a year from royalties and a yearly sum of $500 sent by a former Chicago student,{{sfn|Ritzer|2011|p=197}} he lived there until his death in 1929.