Editing Thurii (section)

== History ==
[[File:Main street Thurii.png|thumb|300px|main street of Thurii.]]
[[File:Sybaris archeological park 4.jpg|thumb|Excavated remains of buildings, possibly from Thurii.]]
[[File:Sybaris archeological park 6.jpg|thumb|Excavated mosaic floor with [[swastika]]s, possibly from Thurii.]]

=== Foundation ===
Thurii was founded as a colony of [[Athens]] along with exiles from [[Sybaris]] in 443 BC.<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0006:alphabetic+letter=T:entry+group=4:entry=thurii The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites-THURII ]</ref> [[Justin (historian)|Justin]] writes that people say that the city of Thurii was built by [[Philoctetes]] and his monument is seen there even to his days, as well as the arrows of [[Hercules]] which laid up in the temple of [[Apollo]].<ref>[https://topostext.org/work/226#20.1 Justin, History of the World, 20.1]</ref> The site of that city had remained desolate for a period of 58 years after its destruction by the [[Crotona|Crotoniats]]; when at length, in 452 BC, a number of the Sybarite exiles and their descendants made an attempt to establish themselves again on the spot, under the guidance of some leaders of [[Thessaly|Thessalian]] origin; and the new colony rose so rapidly to prosperity that it excited the jealousy of the Crotoniats, who, in consequence, expelled the new settlers a little more than 5 years after the establishment of the colony.<ref>[[Diodorus|Diod.]] xi. 90, xii. 10.</ref> The fugitive Sybarites first appealed for support to [[Sparta]], but without success: their application to the [[Athens|Athenians]] was more successful, and that people determined to send out a fresh colony, at the same time that they reinstated the settlers who had been lately expelled from thence. A body of Athenian colonists was accordingly sent out by [[Pericles]], under the command of [[Lampon]] and [[Xenocritus]]. Pericles' expressed intent was for it to be a Panhellenic colony,<ref name="Pomeroy 2008 275">{{cite book |last1=Pomeroy |first1=Sarah |author-link=Sarah B. Pomeroy |first2=Stanley |last2=Burstein |first3=Walter |last3=Donlan |first4=Jennifer |last4=Roberts |title=Ancient Greece: A Political, Social, and Cultural History |location=New York, Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2008 |page=275 |isbn=978-0-19-530800-6 |edition=second }}</ref> and the number of Athenian citizens was small, the greater part of those who took part in the colony being collected from various parts of [[Greece]]. Among them were two celebrated names: [[Herodotus]] the historian, and the orator [[Lysias]], both of whom appear to have formed part of the original colony.<ref>Diod. xii. 10; [[Strabo]] vi. p. 263; Dionys. Lys. p. 453; Vit. X. Orat. p. 835; [[Plutarch]] ''Peric.'' 11, Nic. 5.</ref> [[Hippodamus]] also went out with the colonists and became the architect of the new city.<ref>William Smith, ''A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'', ''s.v.'' Hippodamus.</ref>

The laws of the new colony were established by the sophist [[Protagoras]] at the request of Pericles,<ref>Barrett, Harold. ''The Sophists'' (Novato, California: Chandler & Sharp Publishers, INC, 1987), 10.</ref> adopting the laws of [[Zaleucus]] of [[Locri]].<ref name="Pomeroy 2008 275"/>

The new colonists at first established themselves on the site of the deserted Sybaris, but shortly afterwards removed (apparently in obedience to an oracle) to a spot at a short distance from thence, where there was a fountain named "Thuria", from whence the new city derived its name of Thurii.<ref>Diod. ''l. c.''; Strabo ''l. c.''</ref> The foundation of Thurii is assigned by Diodorus to the year 446 BC; but other authorities place it three years later, 443 BC, and this seems to be the best authenticated date.<ref>[[Henry Fynes Clinton|H. F. Clinton]], Fasti Hellenici. Vol. ii. p. 54.</ref> The protection of the Athenian name probably secured the rising colony from the assaults of the Crotoniats, at least nothing is heard of any obstacles to its progress from that quarter; but it was early disturbed by dissensions between the descendants of the original Sybarite settlers and the new colonists, the former laying claim not only to honorary distinctions, but to the exclusive possession of important political privileges. These disputes at length ended in a revolution, and the Sybarites were finally expelled from the city. They established themselves for a short time in [[Sybaris on the Traeis]] but did not maintain their footing long, being dislodged and finally dispersed by the neighboring barbarians.<ref>Diod. xii. 11, 22; Arist. Pol. v. 3.</ref> The Thurians meanwhile concluded a treaty of peace with Crotona, and the new city rose rapidly to prosperity. Fresh colonists poured in from all quarters, especially the [[Peloponnese]]; and though it continued to be generally regarded as an Athenian colony, the Athenians in fact formed but a small element of the population. The citizens were divided, as we learn from Diodorus, into ten tribes, the names of which sufficiently indicate their origin. They were: the Arcadian (from [[Arcadia (ancient region)|Arcadia]]), Achaean (from [[Achaea]]), Elean (from [[Velia|Elea]]), Boeotian (from [[Boeotia]]), Amphictyonic (from [[Amphictyonis]]), Dorian (from [[Doris (Greece)|Doris]]), Ionian (from [[Ionia]]), Athenian (from [[Athens]]), Euboean (from [[Euboea]]), and Nesiotic (from the islands).<ref>Diod. xii. 11.</ref> The form of government was democratic, and the city is said to have enjoyed the advantage of a well-ordered system of laws; but the statement of Diodorus, who represents this as owing to the legislation of [[Charondas]], and that lawgiver himself as a citizen of Thurii, is certainly erroneous. The city itself was laid out with great regularity, being divided by four broad streets or plateae, each of which was crossed in like manner by three others.<ref>Diod. xii. 10.</ref>

=== War and conflict ===
Very shortly after its foundation, Thurii became involved in a war with Tarentum (modern [[Taranto]]). The subject of this was the possession of the fertile district of the [[Siritis]], about 50&nbsp;km north of Thurii, to which the Athenians had a claim of long standing, which was naturally taken up by their colonists. The Spartan general, [[Cleandridas]], who had been banished from Greece some years before, and taken up his abode at Thurii, became the general of the Thurians in this war, which, after various successes, was at length terminated by a compromise, both parties agreeing to the foundation of the new colony of [[Heraclea Lucania|Heracleia]] in the disputed territory.<ref>Diod. xii. 23, 36, xiii. 106; Strabo vi. p. 264; Polyaen. Strat. ii. 10.</ref>

Knowledge of the history of Thurii is very scanty and fragmentary. Fresh disputes arising between the Athenian citizens and the other colonists were at length allayed by the [[oracle of Delphi]], which decided that the city had no other founder than [[Apollo (god)|Apollo]].<ref>Diod. xii. 35.</ref> But the same difference appears again on occasion of the great [[Sicilian Expedition|Athenian expedition]] to [[Sicily]], when the city was divided into two parties, the one desirous of favoring and supporting the Athenians, the other opposed to them. The latter faction at first prevailed, so far that the Thurians observed the same neutrality towards the Athenian fleet under [[Nicias]] and [[Alcibiades]] as the other cities of Italy.<ref>[[Thucydides]] vi. 44.</ref>  Thurii was, in fact, the city where Alcibiades escaped his Athenian captors who were taking him home for trial.

But two years afterwards (413 BC) the Athenian party had regained the ascendency; and when [[Demosthenes (general)|Demosthenes]] and [[Eurymedon (strategos)|Eurymedon]] touched at Thurii, the citizens afforded them every assistance, and even furnished an auxiliary force of 700 hoplites and 300 dartmen.<ref>''Id.'' vii. 33, 35.</ref> From this time we hear nothing of Thurii for a period of more than 20 years, though there is reason to believe that this was just the time of its greatest prosperity. In 390 BC we find that its territory was already beginning to suffer from the incursions of the [[Lucanians]], a new and formidable enemy, for protection against whom all the cities of Magna Graecia had entered into a defensive league. But the Thurians were too impatient to wait for the support of their allies, and issued forth with an army of 14,000 foot and 1000 horse, with which they repulsed the attacks of the Lucanians; but having rashly followed them into their own territory, they were totally defeated, near [[Laüs]], and above 10,000 of them cut to pieces.<ref>Diodorus xiv. 101.</ref>

This defeat must have inflicted a severe blow on the prosperity of Thurii, while the continually increasing power of the Lucanians and [[Bruttians]] in their immediate neighbourhood would prevent them from quickly recovering from its effects. The city continued also to be on hostile, or at least unfriendly, terms with [[Dionysius I of Syracuse|Dionysius of Syracuse]], and was in consequence chosen as a place of retirement or exile by his brother [[Leptines]] and his friend [[Philistus]].<ref>Diod. xv. 7.</ref> The rise of the Bruttian people about 356 BC probably became the cause of the complete decline of Thurii, but the statement of Diodorus that the city was conquered by that people<ref>xvi. 15.</ref> must be received with considerable doubt.{{why?|date=December 2023}}

It reappears in history at a later period, when [[Corinth]]ian soldiers en route to join [[Timoleon]] on his expedition to Syracuse are blockaded there by [[Carthage|Carthaginian]] ships. At this point it was still an independent Greek city, though much fallen from its former greatness. No mention of it is found during the wars of [[Alexander of Epirus]] in this part of Italy.

Later it was so hard pressed by the Lucanians that it had recourse to alliance with [[ancient Rome|Rome]] and a Roman army was sent to its relief under [[Gaius Fabricius Luscinus]] in 282 BC. He defeated the Lucanians and Bruttians, who had laid siege to the city, in a pitched battle and several other successes broke their power, and thus relieved the Thurians from all immediate danger from that quarter.<ref>[[Livy]] ''Epit.'' xi.; [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]] xxxiv. 6. s. 15; [[Valerius Maximus]] 1. 8. § 6</ref> But shortly after they were attacked on the other side by the Tarentines, who are said to have taken and plundered their city;<ref>[[Appian]], Samn. 7. § 1.</ref> and this aggression was one of the immediate causes of the war declared by the Romans against Tarentum in 282 BC.

=== Roman dependency ===
Thurii became a dependent ally of Rome, and was protected by a Roman garrison.{{cn|date=December 2023}} 

It played a considerable part in the [[Second Punic War]] with [[Hannibal]]. It was one of the cities which defected to the [[Carthage|Carthaginians]] after the [[battle of Cannae]] in 212 BC.<ref>Liv. xxii. 61, xxv. 1.</ref> After the defection of Tarentum, they betrayed the Roman troops into the hands of the Carthaginian general [[Hanno, son of Bomilcar|Hanno]].<ref>''Id.'' xxv. 15; Appian, ''Hann.'' 34.</ref> A few years later (210 BC), Hannibal, finding himself unable to protect his allies in [[Campania]], removed the inhabitants of [[Atella]] who had survived the fall of their city to Thurii;<ref>Appian, ''Hann.'' 49.</ref> but it was not long before he was compelled to abandon the latter city also to its fate. When he himself in 204 BC withdrew his forces into [[Bruttium]], he removed to Crotona 3500 of the principal citizens of Thurii, while he gave up the city itself to the plunder of his troops.<ref>Appian, ''l. c.'', 57.</ref> 

It is evident that Thurii was now sunk to the lowest state of decay, but the great fertility of its territory rendered it desirable to preserve it from utter desolation. Hence in 194 BC, it was one of the places selected for the establishment of a [[Colonia (Roman)|Roman colony]] with Latin rights.<ref>Liv. xxxiv. 53; Strabo vi. p. 263.</ref> The number of colonists was small in proportion to the extent of land to be divided among them, but they amounted to 3000 foot and 300 knights.<ref>Liv. xxxv. 9.</ref> Livy says merely that the colony was sent in ''Thurinum agrum'', but Strabo tells us that the Romans gave the new colony the name of '''Copiae''', as confirmed both by [[Stephanus of Byzantium]] and by the evidence of coins, on which, however, the name is written "COPIA".<ref>Strabo ''l. c.''; Steph. Byz. ''s. v.'' {{lang|grc|Θούριοι}}; [[Eckhel]], vol. i. p. 164.</ref> But this new name did not continue long in use, and Thurii still continued to be known by its ancient appellation. It is mentioned as a municipal town on several occasions during the latter ages of the [[Roman Republic]]. In 72 BC it was taken by [[Spartacus]] and subjected to heavy contributions but not otherwise injured.<ref>Appian, ''B.C.'' i. 117.</ref> According to [[Lives of the Twelve Caesars|Suetonius]], the Octavian family held some renown there, and [[Gaius Octavius (praetor 61 BC)|Gaius Octavius]] (father of the future [[Caesar Augustus]]) defeated a Spartacist army near there. As a result, the future emperor was granted the surname Thurinus shortly after birth. At the outbreak of the [[Caesar's civil wars|Civil Wars]], it was deemed by [[Julius Caesar]] of sufficient importance to be secured with a garrison of [[Gaul]]ish and [[Hispania|Spanish]] horse, and it was there that [[M. Caelius Rufus]] was put to death, after a vain attempt to excite an insurrection in this part of Italy.<ref>[[Julius Caesar]] ''[[Commentarii de Bello Civili]]'' iii. 21, 22.</ref> In 40 BC also it was attacked by [[Sextus Pompeius]], who laid waste its territory, but he was repulsed from the walls of the city.<ref>Appian, ''B.C.'' v. 56, 58.</ref>

Thurii was at this time still a place of some importance, and it is mentioned as an existing town by Pliny and Ptolemy, as well as Strabo.<ref>Strabo vi. p. 263; Plin. iii. 11. s. 15; Ptol. iii. 1. § 12.</ref> It was probably, indeed, the only place of any consideration remaining on the coast of the Tarentine gulf between Crotona and Tarentum; both [[Metapontum]] and Heracleia having already fallen into almost complete decay. Its name is still found in the Itineraries,<ref>''[[Antonine Itinerary]]'' p. 114, where it is written '''Turios'''; ''[[Tabula Peutingeriana]]''.</ref> and it is noticed by [[Procopius]] as still existing in the 6th century.<ref>Procop. ''B. G.'' i. 15.</ref>

=== Abandonment ===
Over time, the [[sediment]] [[accretion (geology)|accretion]] of the Crathis river caused its [[river delta]] to shift towards the sea at a long term rate of one metre a year. As a consequence the successive sites of Sybaris, Thurii, and Copia became landlocked and lost their importance because they no longer had easy access to the sea for trade.<ref name=stanley /> It seems to have been abandoned during the [[Middle Ages]] when the inhabitants took refuge at a place called Terranova (Terranova da Sibari), about 15 km inland, on a hill on the left bank of the Crathis.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}

The exact location of Greek Thurii is not known but that of the Roman town, which probably occupied the same site, is fixed by several ruins as being about 6 km to the east of Terranova da Sibari and as occupying an area some 6&nbsp;km in circuit. It is clear from the statements of Diodorus and Strabo that Thurii occupied a site near to, but distinct from, that of Sybaris.<ref>Diod. xii. 10; Strab. ''l. c.''</ref> It is more likely that the true site is north of the [[Coscile]] (the ancient Sybaris), a few kilometers from the sea, where ruins still exist. Roman ruins on the peninsula formed by the rivers Crathis and Sybaris may also perhaps be those of Thurii.<ref>[[Henry Swinburne]], ''Travels'', vol. i. pp. 291, 292; Romanelli, vol. i. p. 236.</ref>