Editing Tibet Autonomous Region (section)

== History ==
{{History of Tibet}}
{{Main|History of Tibet}}

[[Yarlung dynasty|Yarlung]] kings founded the [[Tibetan Empire]] in 618. By the end of the 8th century, the empire reached its greatest extent. After a civil war, the empire broke up in 842. The royal lineage [[Era of Fragmentation|fragmented]] and ruled over small kingdoms such as [[Guge]] and [[Maryul]]. The Mongols [[Mongol conquest of Tibet|conquered Tibet]] in 1244 and later ruled it under the [[Yuan dynasty|Yuan Dynasty]] but granted the region a degree of political autonomy. The [[Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)|Sakya]] lama [[Drogön Chögyal Phagpa]] became a religious teacher to [[Kublai Khan]] in the 1250s and was made the head of the Tibetan region administration {{circa | 1264}}.{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}

From 1354 to 1642, Central Tibet ([[Ü-Tsang]]) was ruled by a succession of dynasties from [[Nêdong (village)|Nêdong]], [[Shigatse]] and [[Lhasa]]. In 1642, the [[Ganden Phodrang]] court of the [[5th Dalai Lama]] was established by [[Güshi Khan]] of the [[Khoshut Khanate]], who was enthroned as King of Tibet. The Khoshuts ruled until 1717, when they were overthrown by the [[Dzungar Khanate]]. Despite [[Tibetan sovereignty debate|politically charged historical debate]] concerning the nature of Sino-Tibetan relations,<ref name="wylie 2003 470">{{citation |surname= Wylie |given= Turrell V. |chapter= Lama Tribute in the Ming Dynasty | title = The History of Tibet: Volume 2, The Medieval Period: c. AD 850–1895, the Development of Buddhist Paramountcy |editor-given= Alex |editor-surname= McKay |location= New York |publisher= Routledge |year= 2003 |isbn= 978-0-415-30843-4 |postscript=. |page= 470}}</ref><ref name="wang nyima 1997 1 40">{{citation |surname1= Wang |given1= Jiawei |surname2= Nyima |given2= Gyaincain |title= The Historical Status of China's Tibet |location= Beijing |publisher= China Intercontinental Press |year= 1997 |isbn= 978-7-80113-304-5 |postscript= . |pages= 1–40}}</ref><ref name="laird 2006 106 107">{{harvp|Laird|2006|pp= 106–107}}</ref> some historians{{who|date=February 2021}} posit that Tibet under the Ganden Phodrang (1642–1951) was an independent state, albeit under various foreign suzerainties for much of this period, including by the [[Ming dynasty]] (1368–1644). The Dzungar forces were in turn expelled by the 1720 [[Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)|expedition to Tibet]] during the [[Dzungar–Qing Wars]]. This began a period of [[Tibet under Qing rule|direct Qing rule]] over Tibet.<ref>
{{cite book
 |author1              = Huaiyin Li
 |date                 = 13 August 2019
 |title                = The Making of the Modern Chinese State: 1600–1950
 |url                  = https://books.google.com/books?id=p-yoDwAAQBAJ
 |publication-place    = Abingdon
 |publisher            = Routledge
 |isbn                 = 9780429777899
 |access-date          = 20 November 2022
 |quote                = [...] in 1720 through two military expeditions, the Qing put Tibet under its direct control by stationing a permanent garrison in Lhasa and appointing an Imperial Commissioner in Tibet to supervise the newly organized government [...]
}}
</ref>

From the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912 until 1950, the [[Tibet (1912–1951)|State of Tibet]] was ''de facto'' independent, as were other regions claimed by the successor [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]]. The Republican regime, preoccupied with [[Warlord Era|warlordism]] (1916–1928), [[Chinese Civil War|civil war]] (1927–1949) and [[Second Sino-Japanese War|Japanese invasion]] (1937–1945), did not exert authority in Tibet. Other regions of ethno-cultural Tibet in eastern [[Kham]] and [[Amdo]] had been under ''de jure'' administration of the Chinese dynastic government since the mid-18th century;<ref>Grunfeld, A. Tom, The Making of Modern Tibet, M.E. Sharpe, p. 245.</ref> they form parts of the provinces of [[Qinghai]], [[Gansu]], [[Sichuan]] and [[Yunnan]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}

In 1950, following the [[proclamation of the People's Republic of China]] the year before, the [[People's Liberation Army]] entered Tibet and defeated the Tibetan army in [[Battle of Chamdo|a battle]] fought near the city of [[Chamdo]]. In 1951, Tibetan representatives signed the [[Seventeen Point Agreement for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet]] with the [[Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China (1949–54)|Central People's Government]] affirming China's [[sovereignty]] over Tibet and the [[annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China]]. The [[14th Dalai Lama]] ratified the agreement in October 1951.<ref>Gyatso, Tenzin, Dalai Lama XIV, interview, 25 July 1981.</ref><ref>Goldstein, Melvyn C., ''A History of Modern Tibet, 1913–1951'', University of California Press, 1989, p. 812–813.</ref><ref>A. Tom Grunfeld (30 July 1996). ''The Making of Modern Tibet''. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 107–. ISBN 978-0-7656-3455-9.</ref> After the failure of a [[1959 Tibetan uprising|violent uprising]] in 1959, the 14th Dalai Lama fled to India and renounced the Seventeen Point Agreement. During the 1950s and 1960s, Western-dispatched insurgents were parachuted into Tibet, almost all of whom were captured and killed.<ref name=":05" />{{Rp|page=238}} The establishment of the Tibet Autonomous Region in 1965 made Tibet a provincial-level division of China.{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}