Editing Tic (section)

==Classification==
Tics are classified as either motor or phonic, and simple or complex.<ref name=JankovicLang2022/>

===Motor or phonic===
'''Motor tics''' are movement-based tics affecting discrete muscle groups.<ref name=JankovicLang2022/>

'''Phonic tics''' are involuntary sounds produced by moving air through the nose, mouth, or throat. They may be alternately referred to as '''verbal tics''' or '''vocal tics''', but most diagnosticians prefer the term ''phonic tics'' to reflect the notion that the [[vocal cords]] are not involved in all tics that produce sound.<ref name=JankovicLang2022/>

===Simple or complex===
'''Simple motor tics''' are typically sudden, brief, meaningless movements that usually involve only one group of muscles, such as eye blinking, head jerking, or shoulder shrugging.<ref name=SingerBehavior>{{cite journal | author = Singer HS | date = Mar 2005 | title = Tourette's syndrome: from behaviour to biology | journal = Lancet Neurol | volume = 4 | issue = 3| pages = 149–59 | doi = 10.1016/S1474-4422(05)01012-4 | pmid = 15721825 | s2cid = 20181150 }}</ref> Motor tics can be of an endless variety and may include such movements as hand clapping, neck stretching, mouth movements, head, arm or leg jerks, and facial grimacing.

A '''simple phonic tic''' can be almost any sound or noise, with common phonic tics being throat clearing, sniffing, or grunting.<ref name=SingerBehavior/>

'''Complex motor tics''' are typically more purposeful-appearing and of a longer nature. They may involve a cluster of movements and appear coordinated.<ref name=SingerBehavior/> Examples of complex motor tics are pulling at clothes, touching people, touching objects, [[echopraxia]] (repeating or imitating another person's actions) and [[copropraxia]] (involuntarily performing obscene or forbidden gestures).

'''Complex phonic tics''' include [[echolalia]] (repeating words just spoken by someone else), [[palilalia]] (repeating one's own previously spoken words), lexilalia (repeating words after reading them), and [[coprolalia]] (the spontaneous utterance of socially objectionable or taboo words or phrases). Coprolalia is a highly publicized symptom of [[Tourette syndrome]]; however, only about 10% of TS patients exhibit coprolalia.<ref name=SingerBehavior/>

Martino, et al. have argued that tics may be considered physiological, or developmentally typical.<ref>Martino D, Espay AJ, Fasano A, Morgante F. Unvoluntary motor behaviors. In: Martino D, Espay AJ, Fasano A, Morgante F, eds. Disorders of Movement: A Guide to Diagnosis and Treatment. 1 ed. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 2016:97-153, p. 107.</ref>