Editing Timberline Lodge (section)

== Design and construction ==
[[File:Snow-Goose-Weather-Vane.jpg|left|thumb|upright|Bronze "snow goose" [[weather vane]] above the head house]]
{{multiple image
<!-- Essential parameters -->| align             = right
| direction         = vertical
| width             = 220
<!-- Image 1 -->| image1            = Timberline-Lodge-Newel-Post.jpg
| alt1              = 
| caption1          = Purchased for $2.10 each, discarded cedar utility poles were repurposed as newel posts—19 of them crowned with carvings of area wildlife.<ref name="When Art Worked"/>{{Rp|142}}
<!-- Image 2 -->| image2            = Timberline-Lodge-Fire-Screen.jpg
| alt2              = 
| caption2          = Fire screen made from tire chains and irons forged from old railroad rails
<!-- Image 3 -->| image3            = Operation and Information WPA Camp-1936.jpg
| alt3              = 
| caption3          = WPA workers lived in a nearby tent city while building Timberline Lodge (1936).
}}
{{quotation|Each workman on Timberline Lodge gained proficiency in manual arts. He was a better workman, a better citizen, progressing by infinitely-slow steps to the degree above him.|''The Builders of Timberline Lodge'', [[Federal Writers' Project]]<ref name="Builders">{{cite web |url=http://newdeal.feri.org/art/art07.htm |title=The Builders of Timberline Lodge |last=Federal Writers' Project |author-link=Federal Writers' Project |website=Federal Art Project Documents |publisher=Essay for the proposed Federal Art Project report to Congress, Art for the Millions (unpublished) |access-date=2016-01-13}}</ref>}}
Timberline Lodge, a mountain lodge and resort hotel, is a four-story structure of about {{Convert|40,000|ft2|m2}}. The ground-level exterior walls are heavy rubble masonry, using boulders from the immediate area, and heavy timber is used from the first floor up. The central head house section is hexagonal and {{Convert|60|ft|m|spell=in}} in diameter, with a six-sided stone chimney stack {{Convert|90|ft|m|spell=in}} high and {{Convert|14|ft|m|spell=in}} in diameter. Each of the six fireplace openings—three on the ground floor, three on the first floor—is {{Convert|5|ft|m|spell=in}} wide and {{Convert|7|ft|m|spell=in}} high. Two wings, running west and southeast, flank the head house. Oregon woods used throughout the building include [[Thuja plicata|cedar]], [[Douglas fir]], [[Tsuga mertensiana|hemlock]], [[Juniperus occidentalis|western juniper]] and [[Pinus ponderosa|ponderosa pine]].<ref name="Nomination Form">{{cite web |url=http://focus.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/73001572 |title=Timberline Lodge, National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form  |date=November 12, 1973 |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=2016-01-24}}</ref>

The architect of Timberline Lodge is [[Gilbert Stanley Underwood]], noted for the [[Ahwahnee Hotel]] and other lodges in the U.S. national park system.<ref name="When Art Worked"/>{{Rp|338}} He produced the designs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/sontag/underwood.htm |title=Gilbert Stanley Underwood |last=Wheaton |first=Rodd L. |website=National Park Service: The First 75 Years |publisher=[[National Park Service]] |access-date=2016-01-13}}</ref> Then, his central head house was modified from an octagon to a hexagon by U.S. Forest Service architect [[William Irving Turner|W. I. (Tim) Turner]] and the team of [[Linn A. Forrest]], Howard L. Gifford and Dean R. E. Wright.<ref name="When Art Worked"/>{{Rp|338}} A recent graduate of the [[University of Washington]],<ref name="Forest Service History">{{cite web |url=http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/architecture/chap2c.htm |title=Timberline Lodge: A Legacy from the WPA|date=June 8, 2008 |website=A History of the Architecture of the USDA Forest Service |publisher=[[United States Forest Service]] |access-date=2016-01-13}}</ref> forest service engineer Ward Gano was structural designer.<ref>{{cite news |last=Associated Press |author-link=Associated Press |date=April 26, 1998 |title=Timberline Lodge engineer dies at 84 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1310&dat=19980426&id=205WAAAAIBAJ&sjid=zusDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6874,7012753&hl=en |newspaper=[[The Register-Guard]] |location=Eugene, Oregon |access-date=2016-01-13 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Oral history interview with Ward Gano|last=Munro |first=Sarah |publisher=[[WorldCat]] |oclc = 58919408}}</ref>
[[File:West Wing of Timberline Lodge, Mid-March.jpg|thumb|left|250px|West Wing of Timberline Lodge]]

Timberline Lodge was constructed between 1936 and 1938 as a [[Works Progress Administration]] project during [[The great depression|The Great Depression]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dorner |first=Sydney |date=2024-04-19 |title='Structure anywhere in the country that is like Timberline': Timberline Lodge pivotal in Oregon History |url=https://www.kgw.com/article/news/local/timberline-lodge-pivotal-oregon-history-landmark-fire/283-6ec5890f-4ffa-4312-a5a1-49e07a79d122 |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=KGW8 |language=en-US}}</ref> Eighty percent of the WPA's $695,730 total expenditure on building costs went toward labor. Skilled building trade workers received ninety cents an hour; unskilled laborers received fifty-five cents an hour. Some of the skilled stonemasons on the project were Italian immigrants brought in after working on The Historic Columbia River Highway and other roads in Oregon. About a hundred [[construction workers]] were on site at a given time, and lived at a nearby tent city. Jobs were rotated to provide work.<ref name="When Art Worked"/>{{Rp|338}}

Materials costs were minimized by the skillful use of recycled materials. Women wove draperies, upholstery, and bedspreads. Hooked rugs were made from strips of old [[Civilian Conservation Corps]] camp blankets. Discarded cedar utility poles became newel-posts with their crowns hand-carved into birds, bears, and seals. Fireplace screens were fashioned from tire chains. Andirons and other iron work were forged from railroad tracks. WPA workers used large timbers and local stone from the site.<ref name="When Art Worked"/>{{Rp|338}}

"All classes, from the most elementary hand labor, through the various degrees of skill to the technically-trained, were employed," reported the WPA's [[Federal Writers' Project]]. "Pick and shovel wielders, stonecutters, plumbers, carpenters, steam-fitters, painters, wood-carvers, cabinet-makers, metal workers, leather-toolers, seamstresses, weavers, architects, authors, artists, actors, musicians, and landscape planners, each contributed to the project, and each, in his way, was conscious of the ideal toward which all bent their energies."<ref name="Builders"/>

===Federal Art Project===
[[Federal Art Project]] contributions to the project were directed by [[Margery Hoffman Smith]], Oregon Arts Project administrator. Smith created many designs for textiles and rugs. She designed the iconic "snow goose", the {{Convert|750|lb|kg|adj=on}} bronze weather vane above the head house. Smith based the abstract forms incised into the lodge chimney on the art of the local [[Tenino people]]. Likely-acquainted with [[William Gray Purcell]], a fellow resident of Portland, Smith saw the [[Prairie School]] aesthetic carried through in tables, chairs, sectional sofas, columns, bedspreads, draperies, lampshades, and pendant lighting fixtures. She commissioned murals, paintings and carvings from Oregon's WPA artists.<ref name="When Art Worked"/>{{Rp|338–339}}