Editing Timeline (section)

== History ==
[[Time#Spatial conceptualization|Time and space]] (particularly the line) are intertwined concepts in human thought. The line is ubiquitous in clocks in the form of a circle, time is spoken of in terms of length, intervals, a before and an after.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rosenberg |first1=Daniel |title=Cartographies of Time |last2=Grafton |first2=Anthony |publisher=[[Princeton Architectural Press]] |location=[[New York City]] |pages=13 |language=en}}</ref> The idea of orderly, segmented time is also represented in almanacs, calendars, charts, graphs, genealogical and evolutionary trees, where the line is central.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rosenberg |first1=Daniel |title=Cartographies of Time |last2=Grafton |first2=Anthony |publisher=[[Princeton Architectural Press]] |location=[[New York City]] |pages=14 |language=en}}</ref>

Originally, chronological events were arranged in a mostly textual form. This took form in [[annals]], like [[Regnal list|king lists]]. Alongside them, the [[Table (information)|table]] was used like in the Greek tables of Olympiads and Roman lists of consuls and triumphs.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rosenberg |first1=Daniel |title=Cartographies of Time |last2=Grafton |first2=Anthony |publisher=[[Princeton Architectural Press]] |location=[[New York City]] |pages=10–11, 15 |language=en}}</ref> Annals had little [[Narrative#Historiography|narrative]] and noted what happened to people, making no distinction between natural and human actions.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rosenberg |first1=Daniel |title=Cartographies of Time |last2=Grafton |first2=Anthony |publisher=[[Princeton Architectural Press]] |location=[[New York City]] |pages=12 |language=en}}</ref>

In Europe, from the 4th century, the dominant chronological notation was the table. This can be partially credited to [[Eusebius]], who laid out the relations between Jewish, pagan, and Christian histories in parallel columns, culminating in the Roman Empire, according to the Christian view when Christ was born to spread salvation as far as possible. His work was widely copied and was among the first printed books. This served the idea of Christian world history and providential time. The table is easy to produce, append, and read with indices, so it also fit the [[Renaissance]] scholars' absorption of a wide variety of sources with its focus on commonalities. These uses made the table with years in one column and places of events (kingdoms) on the top the dominant visual structure of time.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rosenberg |first1=Daniel |title=Cartographies of Time |last2=Grafton |first2=Anthony |publisher=[[Princeton Architectural Press]] |location=[[New York City]] |pages=15–16 |language=en}}</ref>

By the 17th century, historians had started to claim that chronology and geography were the two sources of precise information which bring order to the chaos of history.{{cn|date=January 2024}}{{Dubious|Dubious claim|date=January 2024}} In geography, Renaissance mapmakers updated Ptolemy's maps and the map became a symbol of the power of monarchs, and knowledge. Likewise, the idea that a singular chronology of world history from contemporary sources is possible affected historians. The want for precision in chronology gave rise to adding historical eclipses to tables, like in the case of [[Gerardus Mercator]].{{cn|date=January 2024}} Various graphical experiments emerged, from fitting the whole of history on a calendar year to series of historical drawings, in the hopes of making a metaphorical map of time.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rosenberg |first1=Daniel |title=Cartographies of Time |last2=Grafton |first2=Anthony |publisher=[[Princeton Architectural Press]] |location=[[New York City]] |pages=17–18 |language=en}}</ref> Developments in printing and engraving that made practical larger and more detailed book illustrations allowed these changes, but in the 17th century, the table with some modifications continued to dominate.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rosenberg |first1=Daniel |title=Cartographies of Time |last2=Grafton |first2=Anthony |publisher=[[Princeton Architectural Press]] |location=[[New York City]] |pages=19 |language=en}}</ref>

The modern timeline emerged in [[Joseph Priestley]]'s ''[[A Chart of Biography]]'', published in 1765.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rosenberg |first1=Daniel |title=Cartographies of Time |last2=Grafton |first2=Anthony |publisher=[[Princeton Architectural Press]] |location=[[New York City]] |pages=19–20 |language=en}}</ref> It presented dates simply and provided an analogue for the concept of historical progress that was becoming popular in the 18th century. However, as Priestley recognized, history is not totally linear. The table has the advantage in that it can present many of these intersections and branching paths. For Priestley, its main use was a "mechanical help to the knowledge of history", not as an image of history. Regardless, the timeline had become very popular during the 18th and 19th centuries. [[Positivism]] emerged in the 19th century and the development of [[chronophotography]] and [[Dendrochronology|tree ring analysis]] made visible time taking place at various speeds. This encouraged people to think that events might be truly objectively recorded.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rosenberg |first1=Daniel |title=Cartographies of Time |last2=Grafton |first2=Anthony |publisher=[[Princeton Architectural Press]] |location=[[New York City]] |pages=20–21 |language=en}}</ref>

However, in some cases, filling in a timeline with more data only pushed it towards impracticality. [[Jacques Barbeu-Dubourg|Jacques Barbeu-Duborg]]'s 1753 ''Chronologie Universelle'' was mounted on a 54-feet-long (16½ m) scroll. [[Charles Joseph Minard]]'s 1869 [[thematic map]] of casualties of the French army in its Russian campaign put much less focus on the one-directional line. [[Charles Renouvier]]'s 1876 ''Uchronie'', a branching map of the history of Europe, depicted both the actual course of history and [[Counterfactual history|counterfactual]] paths. At the end of the 19th century, [[Henri Bergson]] declared the metaphor of the timeline to be deceiving in ''[[Time and Free Will]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rosenberg |first1=Daniel |title=Cartographies of Time |last2=Grafton |first2=Anthony |publisher=[[Princeton Architectural Press]] |location=[[New York City]] |pages=22–23 |language=en}}</ref> The question of [[Big History|big history]] and [[deep time]] engendered estranging forms of the timeline, like in [[Olaf Stapledon]]'s 1930 work ''[[Last and First Men]]'' where timelines are drawn on scales from the historical to the cosmological. Similar techniques are used by the [[Long Now Foundation]], and the difficulties of chronological representation have been presented by visual artists including [[Francis Picabia]], [[On Kawara]], [[Jean Ignace Isidore Gérard|J. J. Grandville]], and [[Saul Steinberg]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rosenberg |first1=Daniel |title=Cartographies of Time |last2=Grafton |first2=Anthony |publisher=[[Princeton Architectural Press]] |location=[[New York City]] |pages=23 |language=en}}</ref>